1. The Muscular and Skeletal Systems

2. Phyla Cnidaria Porifera Invertabrate Lacks any true tissues
Endoskeleton consist of hard
needle-like structures of
inorganic material

3. Phyla Annelida Hoplolaimus Galeatus Has an hydrostatic skeleton
Muscle Contraction results
in thrashing motion
Body wall muscles
aligned longitudinally

4. Hydrostatic Skeleton

5. Phyla Arthropoda Scorpio Maurus Relies on exoskeleton for structure
Segmented body with jointed appendages for movement

6. Mammalia PHYLA MAMMILIA H. Sapien Three types of muscle -Skeletal
-Cardiac
- Smooth

7. Skeletal muscle is voluntary, so you can move at will
Skeletal muscle is voluntary, so you can move at will. It’s attached by tendons and ligaments to bones throughout the body Cardiac muscle is involuntary and contracts in response to electrical stimulation in the heart Smooth muscles are involuntary internal muscles that form the walls of organs and blood vessels. They respond to both nervous stimulation and movement of the skeletal muscles.

8. The breakdown of a muscle fiber

9. The Sliding-Filament Model of Muscle Contraction

10. Tropomyosin and troponin are both regulatory
proteins bound to strands of actin.
A muscle fiber at rest, tropomyosin covers
the myosin-binding sites. This prevents
actin and myosin from interacting.
When Calcium Ions accumulate in the cytosol, they
Bind to the troponin complex. This causes it to
Shift along the actin strand exposing different
Myosin-binding sites
When Calcium ion concentration rises, the
thin and thick filaments slide past each other
and the fiber contracts
Conversely when the concentration is lowered, the binging sites are covered
and contraction stops

11. Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into movement
With the muscle attaching to two parts of the skeleton, muscle fibers can be
shortened in a contraction producing a movement

12. Hardened internal skeletons are called endoskeletons
Three major types of joints on the human body are
-Ball and Socket joint
-Hinge joint
-Pivot joint
Each one has a different range of motion

13. Liam Hoekstra, the Mini Superman
Rare genetic disorder Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy
First discovered in beef cattle in late 1990’s
Prevents the body from producing myostatin a limiting factor to muscle size
Little to no body fat
Incredibly fast metabolism
Little is known about the disorder, but side effects of a child without body fat can lead to stunted growth and impaired central nervous system

14. Muscular Dystrophy
(MD) is an inherited muscle disease in which muscle fiber are unusually susceptible to damage
Primarily affects voluntary muscles, which become progressively weaker throughout the stages
Fat and connective tissue often begin to replace muscle fibers
Some types of MD affect cardiac muscle as well

15. Signs and symptoms of MD include
-Muscle weakness
-Apparent lack of coordination
-Progressive crippling, resulting in fixations of the muscles around your
joints and loss of mobility.
Specific signs and symptoms vary from each form of the disease.
Muscular Dystrophy is a general term describing a group of inherited
diseases.
Each form of MD involves a genetic mutation. The most common types
appear to be caused by a genetic deficiency of the muscle protein
dystrophin

16. Treatments and Medicines
Presently we do not have a cure for muscular dystrophy. The best we can offer are physical therapies to reduce the pain of the muscles contracting or surgery if necessary However in some cases doctors may prescribe medication that Is capable of slowing the muscle deterioration. The anti- inflammatory corticosteroid prednisone may help improve muscle strength and delay the progression of some muscular dystrophies