1. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. This chapter will introduce you to Europe in Modern Times. You will learn all about the region’s geography, history, and culture. Section 1: New Ways of Thinking Section 2: Europe Expands Section 3: An Age of Revolutions Section 4: Wars and Hardship Section 5: Rebuilding and New Challenges Introduction Chapter Introduction

2. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. How were the English and Spanish ships different? How did the difference between the fleets give the English an advantage in battle? myStory The Battle of the Spanish Armada

3. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Why was Elizabeth unusual for her time period? What religious difference existed between the rulers of Spain and England? myStory The Battle of the Spanish Armada

4. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. What disadvantages did the Spanish have? myStory The Battle of the Spanish Armada

5. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. What was one strategy the English used against the Spanish? What evidence do you think convinced the English that God was on their side? myStory The Battle of the Spanish Armada

6. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. What makes a nation? New Ways of Thinking

7. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. New Ways of Thinking What paintings and statues have you seen in museums, public places, offices, or homes?

8. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. rapid adj. fast A period of rapid change can make people feel confused. doctrine n. teaching or principle The pope explained the new doctrine in a letter to all Catholics. New Ways of Thinking Academic Vocabulary

9. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. European Renaissance thinkers and artists took a new interest in humanity and the world around them. Critical thinking in Renaissance Europe led to the Reformation. New Ways of Thinking Key Ideas

10. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance a time of a renewed interest in art and learning in Europe; “rebirth” humanism study of secular subjects like history or philosophy and emphasis on human achievement perspective a technique that allows artists to portray a three-dimensional space on a flat surface New Ways of Thinking Key Terms

11. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Reformation a religious movement that began in the 1500s in which calls for reform of the Catholic Church led to the emergence of non-Catholic, or Protestant, churches Catholic Reformation changes made by the Catholic church to keep Catholicism strong; response to the Reformation New Ways of Thinking Key Terms

12. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. England Wittenberg Scotland Sweden Paris Spain Italy New Ways of Thinking What are some important places to know in Europe in modern times?

13. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. New Ways of Thinking Europe in Modern Times: Outline Map

14. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Italian traders brought silk and spices back from Asia, which they traded in major Italian cities. Italy was divided into city-states, often ruled by one dominant family. These city-states fought frequently. New Ways of Thinking Trade Grows and Cities Compete

15. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Trade brought Europeans into contact with the knowledge of Asia and the Muslim world. During the Renaissance, European scholars took an interest in Ancient Greek and Roman ideas. Renaissance masters such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci imitated the realism of classical art. New Ways of Thinking Old and New Ideas Inspire

16. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. New Ways of Thinking What cultures contributed to Renaissance art and learning?

17. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance ideas spread to northern Europe in several ways: Traders brought new ideas with them. Renaissance rulers invited scholars and artists to visit their courts. Northern nobles and wealthy members of the middle class traveled to Italy for their education. New Ways of Thinking The Northern Renaissance

18. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. New technologies such as the printing press helped spread knowledge. Renaissance ideas began to influence northern artists and writers. Humanism influenced artists such as Pieter Bruegel and authors such as William Shakespeare. New Ways of Thinking Renaissance Ideas Spread

19. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Some Europeans began to believe that the Church did not uphold the Bible’s teachings. People felt that the Church was corrupt. The printing press helped spread the desire for change. New Ways of Thinking Criticisms of the Church

20. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. In 1517, Martin Luther drafted his 95 Theses, a list of arguments against selling indulgences. This led to the Reformation, which was a religious movement that called for reform of the Catholic Church. As a result of the Reformation, many new Protestant, or non-Catholic, churches were formed. New Ways of Thinking Luther Calls for Reform

21. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. During this time, many European rulers forced their people to follow the ruler’s religion. Religion played a major role in England’s politics. Due to conflict with the pope, Henry VIII formed the Anglican Church, and declared himself its head. New Ways of Thinking The Reformation and Government

22. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. In 1545, Pope Paul III took action against the Reformation. He called Church leaders to the Council of Trent, where they rejected several key Protestant beliefs. Over time, the Catholic Church ended many of the abuses that Protestants had criticized. New Ways of Thinking The Catholic Reformation

23. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. New Ways of Thinking Why do you think the leaders of the Catholic Church rejected the new Protestant beliefs?

24. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. What makes a nation? Europe Expands

25. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Europe Expands Have you ever played a game in which the goal was “Winner take all”?

26. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. finance v. to raise or provide funds The rich man agreed to finance the student director’s movie. convict v. to find or prove guilty The lawyer urged the jury to convict the accused murderer. Europe Expands Academic Vocabulary

27. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance ideals, competition among rulers, and the expansion of trade led to an age of exploration. Exploration and a search for wealth led European states to create colonial empires. Europe Expands Key Ideas

28. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. cartography the science of making maps and globes caravel a small, light ship that performed well on long voyages plantation large commercial farm Europe Expands Key Terms

29. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. northwest passage sea route between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans along the northern coast of North America triangular trade three-stage pattern of trade that carried goods and enslaved people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas absolutism centralized and unlimited government power Europe Expands Key Terms

30. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Portugal led the search for a sea route to Asia. During the 1500s, the Portuguese established trading centers in Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and China. This exploration enabled Portugal to end Italy’s control over trade with Asia. Europe Expands The Age of Exploration

31. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Italian explorer Christopher Columbus promised Spanish monarchs he could reach Asia by sailing west. Columbus did not reach Asia, but he did help Spain start an empire in the Americas. Europe Expands Reaching the Americas

32. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The age of exploration was also the age of imperialism, or empire building. Spain conquered lands in Mexico and the Caribbean islands. On the Caribbean islands, the Spanish set up plantations, or large commercial farms. Europe Expands An Age of Empires

33. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Explorers never found a northwest passage, the supposed route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. England and France claimed lands in eastern North America. England and France also established colonies in India. Europe Expands Establishing New Colonies

34. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Plantations in the Caribbean and southeastern North America produced crops like sugar and tobacco. These plantations required labor, so over time Europeans began bringing enslaved Africans to work on them. A system known as triangular trade developed. Europe Expands Plantation Agriculture

35. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. In early modern times, European nations grew in size and power to become nation- states. A nation-state is a region that shares a government and is independent from other states. Rulers believed in absolutism, a political system of centralized and unlimited government power. Europe Expands An Age of Absolutism

36. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Perhaps the most powerful monarch in Europe was Philip II of Spain. Philip II was Catholic and he used his power to back Catholicism throughout Europe. In 1588, however, Spain was weakened when the English defeated the Spanish Armada. Europe Expands Absolute Power in Spain

37. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Louis XIV was the center of the French government. He centralized power around the throne and wanted to make France the most powerful nation in Europe. France was constantly at war while Louis XIV was king. Europe Expands The Sun King

38. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Europe Expands Why did European nations want colonies?

39. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. An Age of Revolutions What is your favorite labor-saving device at home?

40. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. An Age of Revolutions Predict how Muslim mathematical advances and European travel to new lands affected science

41. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. greedy adj. having a strong desire for wealth and possessions Greedy people do not like to give money to others. consent n. agreement or approval Democratic governments rely on the consent of their citizens. An Age of Revolutions Academic Vocabulary

42. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The Scientific Revolution brought advances in knowledge and technology. The Enlightenment applied reason to human affairs and led to political revolutions in England, France, and other European countries. The Industrial Revolution transformed Europe’s economy and landscape. An Age of Revolutions Key Ideas

43. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Scientific Revolution a time of major advances in science during the 1500s and 1600s Enlightenment a period during the 1600s and 1700s when scholars studied culture and society by applying reason and natural laws English Bill of Rights an act passed in 1689 that limited the power of the English monarch and increased Parliament’s power An Age of Revolutions Key Terms

44. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. French Revolution a political uprising in France that began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille prison Industrial Revolution a time in which new technologies transformed manufacturing and changed society forever An Age of Revolutions Key Terms

45. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Medieval scientists believed that the sun, planets, and stars orbited, or circled, Earth. In 1543 Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus argued that Earth orbited the sun. Galileo, an Italian astronomer, agreed with Copernicus. An Age of Revolutions A Scientific Revolution

46. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Enlightenment thinkers believed that nothing was beyond the human mind. Some philosophers studied the nature of reality. Other philosophers studied society and government; their political views shaped modern democracy. An Age of Revolutions The Enlightenment

47. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. During the 1600s the English Parliament gradually took power from the monarch. A Civil War began in England in 1642. Conflict continued, and in 1689, Parliament gave the throne to William and Mary under the condition that they sign the English Bill of Rights. An Age of Revolutions Changes in England

48. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. On July 14, 1789, a mob stormed the Bastille, a Paris prison. This marked the start of the French Revolution. Enlightenment ideas inspired some people to demand a voice in the French government. An Age of Revolutions Revolution in France

49. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. French domination led to growing nationalism, or devotion to one’s country. Many Europeans also wanted greater democracy. In 1848, revolutions broke out across Europe. An Age of Revolutions Revolution Spreads

50. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The Industrial Revolution was a shift from hand tools driven by human or animal power to large-scale machinery powered by fuels or natural forces. The textile industry was the first to change. Transportation also changed. An Age of Revolutions The Industrial Revolution

51. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Industrial towns grew quickly as workers moved there for jobs in factories. These towns became crowded with workers, and living conditions soon grew more difficult. Disease spread rapidly in the crowded, dirty conditions. An Age of Revolutions Industry Changes Landscapes

52. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. During the early Industrial Age, doctors and scientists made improvements in research and medicine. Cities built sewer systems to dispose of waste and prevent disease. Education also improved during this time. An Age of Revolutions Positive Effects

53. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. An Age of Revolutions What were the causes and effects of the Scientific Revolution?

54. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. An Age of Revolutions What were the causes and effects of the French Revolution? French Revolution?

55. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. An Age of Revolutions What were the causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution?

56. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Wars and Hardship Why is it important to have a network of supporters when running for government?

57. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Wars and Hardship How might competition for colonies have affected relationships between European countries?

58. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. humiliate v. to embarrass or to reduce a person’s feeling of self-worth Jeannie was afraid that wearing the old coat would humiliate her. slump n. a marked decline When the economy went into a slump, many people lost jobs. Wars and Hardship Academic Vocabulary

59. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. World War I resulted in Europe’s multinational empires being carved up into separate nations. The Great Depression brought hardship and political unrest to Europe. World War II brought catastrophe for Jews and other Europeans and led to the defeat of Germany, Italy, and Japan by the Allied powers. Wars and Hardship Key Ideas

60. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. World War I 1914–1918, sometimes called the Great War, the first conflict to use the weapons of modern warfare Great Depression worldwide economic slump during the 1930s communism political and economic system in which government owns all property and makes all economic decisions Wars and Hardship Key Terms

61. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. fascism a political system that stresses national strength, military might, and the belief that the state is more important than individuals World War II 1939 - 1945, major global military conflict Holocaust the killing of millions of Jews by the Nazis during World War II Wars and Hardship Key Terms

62. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Nationalism: Sometimes led to hostility towards other nations Imperialism: Caused competition in expanding empires Militarism: Led to warlike attitudes and buildup of military power Alliances: Pulled nations into war Wars and Hardship Causes of World War I

63. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. In June 1914, a Serbian nationalist killed the Austrian archduke. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. One by one, European powers entered the war to support their allies. Wars and Hardship War Breaks Out

64. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The Allied Powers (France and Britain) and the United States, were victorious. The Allies forced Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty humiliated Germany and carved Austria-Hungary into several new nations. Wars and Hardship Consequences of War

65. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. In October 1929, the U.S. stock market collapsed. Following this collapse came the Great Depression, a worldwide economic slump that lasted through the 1930s. Europe suffered severely from the Great Depression. Wars and Hardship The Great Depression

66. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The 1917 Russian Revolution led to the formation of the communist government of the Soviet Union. In Italy, nationalist pride led to fascism under Benito Mussolini. During the 1930s, fascists under Francisco Franco took control of Spain. Wars and Hardship The Rise of Communism and Fascism

67. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Many Germans resented the Treaty of Versailles and blamed it for their hardships. The Nazi party gained strength during the 1930s, and in 1933 Hitler became head of Germany’s government. Once in power, Hitler ruled as a dictator. Wars and Hardship Nazis Take Power in Germany

68. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Hitler wanted to build a mighty German empire across Europe. By the end of 1940, Germany’s powerful armies had conquered much of Europe. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Wars and Hardship World War II

69. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. In late 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, a U.S. naval base in Hawaii. The United States fought alongside the Allied Powers, including Great Britain and the Soviet Union. On June 6, 1944, known as D-Day, more than 150,000 Allied troops invaded German-occupied France. Wars and Hardship America Enters the War

70. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. Approximately 17 million European soldiers died during the war, along with millions of civilians. The Nazis had murdered 6 millions Jews and another 5 million from other groups. After the war, Europe’s cities, roads, and farms lay in ruins. Wars and Hardship Effects of the War

71. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Wars and Hardship

72. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Rebuilding and New Challenges What is it like when two friends argue and refuse to speak to each other?

73. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Rebuilding and New Challenges What kind of government do you think the United States wanted Germany to have? What type did the Soviet Union want Germany to have?

74. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. symbolize v. to represent or express something To many people, the bald eagle symbolizes the United States. transfer n. a carrying over of something from one situation to another Whenever a new president is elected, the government goes through a transfer of power. Rebuilding and New Challenges Academic Vocabulary

75. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. After World War II, the Cold War divided Europe between the democratic West and the communist East. Western European nations joined together in the late 1900s to promote free trade and peaceful interaction. Rebuilding and New Challenges Key Ideas

76. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. When communism collapsed in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe adopted democracy and Germany reunified. Rebuilding and New Challenges Key Ideas

77. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Cold War period following World War II, characterized by hostility between the United States and its allies on one side and the Soviet Union and its allies on the other side Marshall Plan an economic program initiated by the United States to help Europe recover from World War II Rebuilding and New Challenges Key Terms

78. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Berlin Wall a wall built by the East German government in 1961 to divide East and West Berlin; a symbol of Cold War divisions European Union (EU) economic and political partnership between member nations Rebuilding and New Challenges Key Terms

79. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. When World War II ended, the Soviet Union set up communist governments in Eastern Europe. The U.S. and Britain wanted to stop the Soviet Union from spreading communism. After the war, many countries formed the United Nations to safeguard world peace. Rebuilding and New Challenges Cold War and Division

80. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The Cold War divided Europe between communist Eastern Europe and democratic Western Europe. Berlin, Germany’s capital, was divided into East Berlin and West Berlin by a wall. This wall came to symbolize Cold War divisions. Rebuilding and New Challenges The Berlin Wall Goes Up

81. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. With American aid, Western Europe’s economy recovered quickly. In 1949, the United States and Western European countries formed a military alliance called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union united under the Warsaw Pact. Rebuilding and New Challenges The Democratic West Unites

82. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. In 1957, France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands formed the European Economic Community. Six more countries had joined by 1986. In 1992, a treaty created the European Union. Rebuilding and New Challenges The European Union

83. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. By the 1980s, communism was failing. In the late 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev began to loosen government control within the Soviet Union. He gave Eastern European countries more freedom to choose their way. Rebuilding and New Challenges Democracy Spreads East

84. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Poland held free elections in 1988. Czechoslovakia followed in 1989. In Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria, communism fell in 1989. Rebuilding and New Challenges A Democratic Revolution Spreads

85. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. During 1989, East Germans began protesting for democratic change. The communist government was removed from power, and on October 3, 1990, the two halves of Germany were reunified. In 1991, the Soviet Union fell and broke apart into 15 new nations. Rebuilding and New Challenges Germany Reunifies

86. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. After reunifying, Germany struggled economically. After the collapse of communism, Europe worked to rebuild ties between East and West. Communism had weakened economies, and people were not prepared for democracy. Rebuilding and New Challenges Europe Faces Challenges

87. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Immigration became a major challenge in Europe, as thousands of Eastern Europeans moved to Western Europe for work. Immigrants also came from Africa and Asia, and Europeans feared that immigrants would take jobs. Rebuilding and New Challenges International Issues

88. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Rebuilding and New Challenges

89. Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. What makes a nation? Rebuilding and New Challenges