1. Totalitarianism in Russia The Soviet Union Under Stalin

4. Trotsky v. Stalin (Review) Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin were the two rivals competing for the top position. Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin were the two rivals competing for the top position. The winner in this struggle was Joseph Stalin The winner in this struggle was Joseph Stalin Stalin turned the Soviet Union in to a totalitarian state (Marx believed under communism the state would wither away Stalin turned the Soviet Union in to a totalitarian state (Marx believed under communism the state would wither away What’s Totalitarianism?

7. Totalitarianism Government takes complete, central control over every aspect of public and private life Government takes complete, central control over every aspect of public and private life It challenges the values of democratic states of the Enlightenment It challenges the values of democratic states of the Enlightenment reason, freedom, human dignity, and the worth of the individual reason, freedom, human dignity, and the worth of the individual

8. First Five Year Plan 1928: Stalin outlined Five-Year Plan 1928: Stalin outlined Five-Year Plan The government take drastic steps to promote rapid industrial & agricultural growth The government take drastic steps to promote rapid industrial & agricultural growth Command Economy: Gov’t controls all aspects of the economy--owns all businesses & distributes resources Command Economy: Gov’t controls all aspects of the economy--owns all businesses & distributes resources Government controlled every aspect of a worker’s life-who, where and when they work Government controlled every aspect of a worker’s life-who, where and when they work

9. Command Economy Stalin changed Lenin’s NEP to an economy controlled by the government Stalin changed Lenin’s NEP to an economy controlled by the government Wanted to catch up to Great Britain and Germany, as well as the rest of Europe, in industrialization Wanted to catch up to Great Britain and Germany, as well as the rest of Europe, in industrialization

10. Industrialization Set impossibly high quotas for the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity Set impossibly high quotas for the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity Rewards for workers who produce at high rate Rewards for workers who produce at high rate Despite gains, workers have little to show for their efforts Despite gains, workers have little to show for their efforts Large quantities of low quality goods Large quantities of low quality goods To reach goals, Russia limited the production of consumer goods – thus hurting the population To reach goals, Russia limited the production of consumer goods – thus hurting the population Workers are forbidden to strike Workers are forbidden to strike

13. Collectivization of Agriculture The Agriculture Revolution was very successful, but far more brutal The Agriculture Revolution was very successful, but far more brutal Farmers to produce more grain to feed urban workers Farmers to produce more grain to feed urban workers In 1928, Stalin began to seize 25 million private farms and combine them into huge collective, state owned farms. Peasants worked on these farms. In 1928, Stalin began to seize 25 million private farms and combine them into huge collective, state owned farms. Peasants worked on these farms.

14. Collectivization of Agriculture Gov’t provided all farm equipment Gov’t provided all farm equipment Peasants could keep personal belongings except for farm animals Peasants could keep personal belongings except for farm animals State set all prices for agricultural goods State set all prices for agricultural goods

15. Collectivization of Agriculture The Peasants were angry-they revolted by destroying crops and livestock The Peasants were angry-they revolted by destroying crops and livestock The kulaks, wealthy peasants, revolted The kulaks, wealthy peasants, revolted 1929, Stalin intends to liquidate the Kulaks as a class “de-kulakization” 1929, Stalin intends to liquidate the Kulaks as a class “de-kulakization” Their entire class was sent to death or work camps Their entire class was sent to death or work camps Over 20,000 die Over 20,000 die

16. Angry peasants grow just enough food to feed themselves Angry peasants grow just enough food to feed themselves Gov’t seizes all grain---purposely letting the peasants starve Gov’t seizes all grain---purposely letting the peasants starve This combined w/ poor harvests led to the Terror Famine This combined w/ poor harvests led to the Terror Famine Between 6-8 million peasants died, mostly in Ukraine Between 6-8 million peasants died, mostly in Ukraine

21. Terror as a Weapon Police spies open private mail and secretly listen to conversations. Police spies open private mail and secretly listen to conversations. No freedom of the press No freedom of the press Critics were sent to Gulag labor camps--forced labor, torture and death. Critics were sent to Gulag labor camps--forced labor, torture and death.

26. Great Purge 1934 Stalin fears other party leaders are plotting against him Stalin fears other party leaders are plotting against him Stalin arrested many Bolsheviks who participated in the revolution & almost every leader in Stalin’s government for “crimes against the Soviet state” Stalin arrested many Bolsheviks who participated in the revolution & almost every leader in Stalin’s government for “crimes against the Soviet state” Ordinary citizens--charged with a wide range of crimes Ordinary citizens--charged with a wide range of crimes These killings were called the Great Purge These killings were called the Great Purge Public show trials/many sent strait to Gulag Public show trials/many sent strait to Gulag 4 to 13 million people were purged 4 to 13 million people were purged

27. Police State Not even the slightest bit of dissent was allowed, before the secret police arrested you Not even the slightest bit of dissent was allowed, before the secret police arrested you If there was even the slightest suspicion you were planning to overthrow the government or failed to meet your quota…Bye, Bye! If there was even the slightest suspicion you were planning to overthrow the government or failed to meet your quota…Bye, Bye! Stalin became more powerful than any of the previous Russia czars Stalin became more powerful than any of the previous Russia czars Citizens were aware of the consequences of disloyalty Citizens were aware of the consequences of disloyalty Many of the USSRs most talented experts and thinkers were purged Many of the USSRs most talented experts and thinkers were purged Most all military leaders and officers---WWII Most all military leaders and officers---WWII

29. Soviet Propaganda Relentless propaganda Relentless propaganda Cult of Personality Cult of Personality

39. Women in the USSR Won equality with men Won equality with men Education and jobs Education and jobs Women working in medicine, engineering & sciences Women working in medicine, engineering & sciences Dual wage earner families Dual wage earner families How is this different from Italy? How is this different from Italy?

40. Censorship and the Arts Gov’t controls books, music and art Gov’t controls books, music and art Required that art be in the style of Socialist Realism--USSR in positive light and promotion of Communism Required that art be in the style of Socialist Realism--USSR in positive light and promotion of Communism Artists critical of the gov’t faced persecution and often death and torture Artists critical of the gov’t faced persecution and often death and torture

41. Russification Make the population more Russian Make the population more Russian Places like Uzbekistan and Ukraine were homelands of other nationalities and cultures Places like Uzbekistan and Ukraine were homelands of other nationalities and cultures Required Russian language in the non-Russian SSRs Required Russian language in the non-Russian SSRs

42. Religious Persecution State encouraged (no…demanded) atheism State encouraged (no…demanded) atheism Police destroyed churches and synagogues Police destroyed churches and synagogues Target the Russian Orthodox Church, Jews and Islam Target the Russian Orthodox Church, Jews and Islam Persecuted religious leaders Persecuted religious leaders But people still clung to their faiths But people still clung to their faiths Replace religion with Communist ideology (Marx & Lenin) Replace religion with Communist ideology (Marx & Lenin) Shrines---Tomb of Lenin Shrines---Tomb of Lenin

44. In the Long Run Stalin responsible for Russia’s industrialization Stalin responsible for Russia’s industrialization Russia was able to stand up to Germany in WWII Russia was able to stand up to Germany in WWII Stalin changed Russia from an agricultural backwater into a world-power industrial giant Stalin changed Russia from an agricultural backwater into a world-power industrial giant But the people paid the price for these gains But the people paid the price for these gains

45. Success! In 10 years: In 10 years: Wheat production was doubled due to collective farming Wheat production was doubled due to collective farming Electricity production was up 800% Electricity production was up 800% Steel production increased from 4 to 18 million metric tons Steel production increased from 4 to 18 million metric tons The USSR was becoming a major industrial power The USSR was becoming a major industrial power