1. Solubility Rules

2. Precipitation Reactions If you’re not part of the solution You’re part of the precipitate

3. Types of reactions Single Replacement Double Replacement Synthesis Decomposition Combustion NEW-Precipitation

4. Precipitation Reaction Reaction where two soluble salts react to form an insoluble salt. Reaction looks like a double replacement reaction.

5. Solubility Rules Some ions always form water soluble compounds. Other ions always form water insoluble compounds The rest are sometimes water soluble and sometimes insoluble

6. Always Soluble The following ions are always soluble, no matter what the other ion is. –Group IA (Li, Na…) –Ammonium (NH 4 + ) –Nitrates (NO 3 - ) –Chlorates (ClO 3 - ) –Acetates (C 2 H 3 O 2 - )

7. Almost always soluble Halides (Cl, Br…) –Except for fluorides –Except for silver, mercury(I) and lead Sulfates –Except for barium, calcium, lead, mercury(I)

8. Mostly insoluble Hydroxide (OH-) –Except for barium, strontium and calcium (these ARE soluble along with the always soluble ions) Sulfides, carbonates, chromates, and phosphates.

9. Soluble salts Soluble salts are broken into their ions when in solution. This means that if two soluble salts are mixed and only soluble salts can be produced, THERE WILL BE NO REACTION

10. What this means… For precipitation reactions, the insoluble salts are the ones to look for. When looking for a possible precipitate, cross out any ions that are always soluble

11. Example AgNO 3(aq) + NaCl (aq) -> ? –(aq) means the salts are both soluble. –Cross out the always soluble ions –Can the remaining ions be combined to make an insoluble salt? –AgCl is insoluble –So there is a reaction. Halides are mostly soluble except for silver, lead, and mercury

12. Another example LiNO 3(aq) + FeCl (aq) -> ? –Again, both are dissolved in water –Cross out the always soluble –The iron(I) nitrate will be soluble and lithium chloride will be soluble. –Since no insoluble salt can be formed, NO REACTION

13. Yet another CuSO 4(aq) + BaCl 2(aq) -> ? Cross out the always soluble Oops, nothing is always soluble. Look for anything that is mostly insoluble. Look for anything that can cause it to be insoluble There will be a reaction The precipitate will be barium sulfate Sulfates are mostly soluble except for barium, lead, mercury and calcium