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Published byLeona Hicks Modified over 8 years ago
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Landmark Supreme Court Cases
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Marbury v. Madison 1803 Article III – Judicial Powers Establishment of Judicial Review – the power of the Supreme Court to declare a law or government action unconstitutional Chief Justice William Marshall ruled with a unanimous court that the Judicial Act violated the Constitution and thus should not be followed
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Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 Supremacy Clause Strengthened the power of the federal government to regulate any interstate business Lead the federal regulation of broadcasting, banking and oil pipelines Established the Constitution as the tie that binds the national and state governments together and that the Constitution will be the final word
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Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 14 th Amendment Separate but equal Court interpreted the 14 th amendment as “not intended to give Negroes social equity but only political and civil equity”
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Korematsu v. US 1944 Civil Rights Court upheld the military order presented by the circumstances of WW II – “Pressing public necessity may sometimes justify the existence of restrictions which curtail the civil rights of a single racial group”
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Brown v. Board of Education 1954 14 th Amendment/Equal Protection Clause Separate but equal has no place Integrated schools Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
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Mapp v. Ohio 1962 4 th and 14 th Amendment Illegal Evidence and Due Process Claus No illegal search and seizures applied to all states Before this rule not every state incorporated excluding evidence gained through an illegal search Exclusionary Rule
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Gideon v. Wainwright 1963 6 th Amendment Right to Counsel Person must have counsel provided, regardless of the charges filed against them Gideon Rule
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Reynolds v. Sims 1964 14 th Amendment Equal Protection Members of Alabama’s Jefferson County protested the state’s policy of one senator from each county regardless of the population The Supreme Court ruled that Alabama’s Congress had to be apportioned to it populations It required states to have “honest and good faith” to set district representation equal to its population
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Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US 1964 Civil Rights Supremacy Clause Congress could outlaw racial segregation of private facilities that are engaged in interstate commerce
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In Re Gault 1966 14 th Amendment Due Process Clause Provided the due processes of an accused to juveniles Prior to this ruling juvenile crimes were handled in family law not criminal law
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Miranda v. Arizona 1966 5 th, 6 th, and 14 th Amendment Rights of the Accused When Ernesto Miranda was arrested and questioned and signed a confession that listed that he had “full knowledge of his legal rights”, he was not made aware of his rights to counsel and the confession was illegally gained. Miranda Rights of person being arrested
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Tinker v. Des Moines 1969 1 st Amendment Students do not shed their Constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the school house gates unless a substantial disruption results
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Swann v. CMS 1971 14 th Amendment Civil Rights/Equal Protection Clause This decision changed the landscape of CMS schools by forcing the busing of students outside their neighborhood school This lead to forced desegregation of schools
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Furman v. Georgia 1971 8 th Amendment Capital Punishment Racial imbalances in the use of the death penalty lead to questions of how the penalty should be applied “Apparent arbitrariness of the use of the sentence” Lead to the rewriting of the death penalty laws in many states
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Regents of the UC v. Bakke 1978 Affirmative Action Invalidated the medical schools special admission program and directed the regents to admit Bakke, but did not overturn all affirmative action programs
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New Jersey v. TLO 1985 4 th and 14 th Amendment This case allowed students to be searched under the heading of “reasonable suspicion” and “probable cause”
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Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier 1988 1 st Amendment This case allows school officials to have full control of school sponsored activities Activities can continue “so long as their actions are reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns
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Texas v. Johnson 1989 1 st Amendment This case protected the rights of individuals to freedom of expression, even if in this case that expression is the burning of the American flag
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Engel v. Vitale 1962 1 st Amendment Establishment Clause Eliminated prayers in school Students cannot be forced to recite a prayer because it violates their 1 st Amendment right to freedom of religion
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