1. Chapter 1

2.  History- written and recorded events of people  Prehistory- the time period before history  Archaeologists- scientists who examine objects to learn about past people and cultures.

3.  ICEMAN?

4.  Civilization, Organized? Chaotic?  Advanced? Misdirected/Fledgling?  How would archaeologists use the artifacts (pieces of history) to draw conclusions about the iceman?

5.  Oral Traditions- stories passed down by word of mouth  Geography- study of the earth’s surface and the processes that shape it (includes climate, landscape and location)

6.  What do scientists study to learn about prehistory?  Name some geographic features!  How can geography help us understand history?

7.  Hominids- Refers to modern humans as well as early humans and their ancestors  Why scientists think hominids existed for millions of years? Footprints in the sand!

8.  Stone age- period of time when hominids began making lasting tools  What did they make them out of?  Wood, stone, bones  Old Stone age- Had not yet learned to farm, were hunter gatherers  Almost all Prehistory took place during the old stone age

9.  1,400,000 to 500,000 years ago, hominids learned how to use fire  How? We cannot be sure  Possibly a grass fire caused by lightening  Hominids learned to create fire by rubbing sticks to create a spark  Big step in the advancement of life  Allows us to live in colder climates

10.  Nomads- people who have no settled home  They stay and hunt and gather until the food has run out or moved on  Early nomads spread throughout most of the earth

11.  Middle stone age- characterized by the use of more refined tools  New stone age- characterized by the use of even better tools and the advent of farming  If you could grow crops, you did not need to be nomadic  Colonies begin to form  Women gathered and planted seeds while men hunted

12.  Some places were better for growing than others  You needed warmth, water, and good soil.  Many took up farming as a way of life

13.  Plants and Animals were domesticated  Plants? Yes Plants  Farmers selected only the best grown crops to take seeds from to grow.  Animals also became domesticated, they were used for work as well as companionship

14.  Divide and conquer

15.  The worlds first construction workers

16.  What are the ideal farming conditions we learned about?  So how do we farm in the desert?  Irrigation-supplying land with water from another location using a network of canals  How did it work?

17.  Farm life was more difficult than hunting and gathering, but it was much more rewarding  Could give people huge supplies of food  Surplus- having more than what you need  What effect did this have on population?

18.  Surplus food allowed families to grow  Larger families meant more workers  Now tell me what’s next?  10,000 years ago est. population- 5 million  7,000 years ago est. population- 20 million

19.  With the three basics met, what can civilizations do?  Artisan- worker who is especially skilled at crafting things by hand  Examples- basket weaving, creating cloth, tools, pottery, and leather goods

20.  Early cities typically sprung up next to a clean water source with lots of materials for shelter  River water beds led to fertile soil to farm on  Cities differed largely from towns, (exp. More people, less farmers, more craftsman.  Farmers had about enough by this point  In the cities farmers became craftsmen

21.  What is the purpose of government?  Keep order, solve disputes, manage public buildings, irrigation projects

22.  A society with cities, with a central government, run by leaders, and workers who specialize in specific jobs

23.  6600 BC Artisans discover copper  3000 BC Artisans discover mixing copper and tin makes bronze (much stronger than either)  Bronze was used for tools, weapons, and protection

24.  People knew they were not alone  Artisans began to trade their items for items from far away lands  Major Invention- Axle and rod connected to wheels. Now we could transport farther, easier.  Development of large boats called ships allowed us to travel over water to ship

25.  Social Class- a group of people with a similar background, income, and way of life  Kings and Queens were at the top, then nobles and military/government officials, the artisans and merchants, and common people and farmers bring up the lower class.  The lowest class, slaves

26.  PG. 25- 1-6 (use complete sentences)  PG. 26-  7- A/B/C  8- B/C  10- A/B/C  Map Mastery