1. The ear
And other senses

2. Let’s test your hearing….

3. Sense 2: Hearing (Audition)
The loudness of a sound is determined by a waves amplitude (height.)
The frequency, number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time, determines the sounds pitch: the tones highness or lowness.

4. Hearing Threshold
Hearing is measured in decibels. Zero decibels is considered the threshold of hearing.

5. Parts of the Ear Outer Ear: Job: Gather sound waves to eardrum.
Parts: auditory canal and eardrum.
Middle Ear
Job: To Amplify and concentrate the vibrations onto cochlea’s oval window.
Parts: Ossicles, made up of three tiny bones: hammer, anvil, and stirrup (malleus, incus, and stapes)
Inner Ear
Job: To change sound waves into neural impulses
Parts: Oval Window, Cochlea, Basilar Membrane, Hair Cells.

6. Process of Hearing
Your outer ear channels sound waves to the eardrum or tympanum.
Your eardrum vibrates with sound waves
This causes 3 tiny bones called the ossicles (the hammer, anvil and the stirrup) of your middle ear to vibrate

7. Process of Hearing
4. The vibrating stirrup pushes against the oval window of the cochlea in the inner ear. The cochlea is fluid filled and waves are created.
5. Inside the cochlea is a basilar membrane with hair cells that are bent by the vibrations and are transduced into a neural impulse

8. Sound Waves Reach The Ear
The outer ear collects sound and funnels it to the eardrum.
In the middle ear, the sound waves hit the eardrum and move the hammer, anvil, and stirrup in ways that amplify the vibrations. The stirrup then sends these vibrations to the oval window of the cochlea.
In the inner ear, waves of fluid move from the oval window over the cochlea’s “hair” receptor cells. These cells send signals through the auditory nerves to the temporal lobe of the brain.
Click to show details about outer, middle, and inner ear.

9. Process of Hearing
6. Hair cells synapse with auditory neuron whose axons form the auditory nerve
7. The auditory nerve transmits sound messages though your medulla, pons and thalamus to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe.
What cell is triggers neural impulses in the eye?

10. Inner Ear and Vestibular Sense
The semicircular canals are connected to the cochlea by the vestibular sacs.
The semicircular canals contain substance that move when our head rotates or tilts and allows us to maintain our vestibular sense: sense of our body movement and position

11. The man who lost his body

12. How Do We Perceive Pitch: 2 Theories
Helmholtz’s Place Theory: argues we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places in the cochlea’s membrane…easily explains high pitches since these pitches are highly localized.
Frequency Theory: We sense pitch by the basilar membrane in cochlea vibrating at the same rate as the sound. Explains low pitch well….
Volley Principle- alternate firing to get over 1000 fires per sound

13. How Do We Locate Sounds
Why is Having 2
Ears Important?

14. Just like with vision, audition involves parallel processing
Time difference
Intensity
memories

15. Hearing aid Hearing Loss
Conductive Hearing Loss: hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea like eardrum and ossicles.
Solution to Conductive Hearing Loss?
Hearing aid

16. Hearing Loss Solution? Cochlear Implant
Sensorineural Hearing Loss: damage caused to cochlea’s receptor cells (hair cells) or auditory nerves.
Solution?
Cochlear Implant

17. Older People Suffer Most Hearing Loss With High Frequency Sounds

18. Cochlea Stirup Hammer Sound waves Neural impulse Transduction
On a separate pieces of paper put these words in the correct order of how we hear and in your own words tell me how we hear DO NOT JUST COPY YOUR NOTES
Cochlea
Stirup
Hammer
Sound waves
Neural impulse
Transduction
Oval window
Anvil
Ossicles
Outer ear
Eardrum/tympanum
Basilar membrane
Hair cells

19. Warm up – page 34
1. What is the difference between Sensor neural and conductive hearing loss?
2. Why do we have 2 ears?
3. What is the purpose of function of the hammer, anvil and stirrup?
4.How do we transform sound waves into perceived sound?
What is the Place Theory?
What is the Frequency Theory?

20. Touch Premature Babies Monkeys
Infant allowed to see, hear, smell (but not touch) become desperately unhappy
Skin sensations are a variation of the basic 4
Pressure
Warmth
Cold
Pain

21. Sense #3: Touch Pain Is a Good Thing! Gate Control Theory:
theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
“gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
“gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain

22. Social Influence On Pain
-Pain is both a physiological and a psychological phenomenon.
-Depending on symptoms, doctors may use drugs, surgery, etc. or relaxation training, thought distraction.
Example: Lamaze Method

23. Memories of Pain Taper down procedures
More to our memories of pain than the pain we experienced.
People tend to overlook duration of pain and instead concentrate on its peak moments and how much pain they felt at the end.
What do doctors do because of this?
Taper down procedures

24. Girls born without pain receptors
– 5 minute video
Ashlyn Blocker article

25. Senses 4 & 5: Taste and Smell
Why are Taste and Smell studied together?
Why are taste & smell studied together?

26. Taste 4 Basic Sensations 200 taste buds Reproduce every 1 or 2 weeks
Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter
200 taste buds
Reproduce every 1 or 2 weeks
Older= decrease in taste buds
Smoking and Alcohol= decrease in taste buds

27. The Survival functions of basic tastes
Indicates
Sweet
Energy source
Salty
Sodium essential to physiological processes
Sour
Potentially toxic acid
Bitter
Potential poisons
Umami
Proteins to grow and repair tissue

28. Taste and Smell Taste and Smell are both chemical senses.
Tongue is central muscle for taste which contain taste buds.
Smell runs through receptor cells in nasal cavity which send neural signals to the olfactory bulbs in the brain.

29. Smell 5 million receptor cells at the top of your nasal cavity
Detect 10,000 odors
Decreases with age
Have your own chemical signature

30. Smell Nasal Cavity brings the smell up to your receptors
Receptor cells send the message to the brain’s olfactory bulb
Then to the temporal lobe’s primary smell cortex
Parallel Processing

31. Receptor cells in
olfactory membrane
Nasal
passage
Olfactory
bulb
nerve

32. Smell and Emotion
Sense of smell activates areas in limbic system involved in emotion and memory.
Smells can often evoke memories of the past or emotional experiences more often than most other senses.

33. Sensory Restriction
People born without access to a sense, compensate with development of stronger other senses.
Sensory Restriction has produced mixed results depending on context:
Early Experiments: disorientation, hallucinations, etc.

34. Summarizing the senses
SENSORY SYSTEM
SOURCE
RECEPTORS
Vision
Light waves striking the eye
Rods and cones in the retina
Hearing
Sound waves striking the outer ear
Cochlear hair cells in the inner ear
Touch
Pressure, warmth, cold, pain on skin
Skin receptors detect pressure, warmth, cold, and pain
Taste
Chemical molecules in the mouth
Basic tongue receptors for sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
Smell
Chemical molecules breathed in through the nose
Millions of receptors at top of nasal cavity
Body Position – kinesthesia
Any change in position of a body part, interacting with vision
Kinesthetic sensors all over the body
Body Movement – vestibular sense
Movement of fluids in the inner ear caused by head/body movement
Hairlike receptors in the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs