1. SCEC: An NSF + USGS Research Center Evaluation of Earthquake Early Warnings as External Earthquake Forecasts Philip Maechling Information Technology Architect Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) 7 May 2013

2. Premise: EEW In California Is Imminent

3. EEW Systems may forecast both event-specific and site-specific earthquake parameters –Event Parameters Magnitude Location –Site-specific Parameters: Site specific ground motion intensity 3 Earthquake Parameters Forecast by EEW Systems

4. Warning time depends on your location’s distance from where the earthquake begins. The slanted red line shows how warning time increases with distance from the epicenter. In this case, warning time increases beyond the 21 mile- radius blind zone with, for instance, approximately 10 seconds warning at 40 miles distance.

7. USER Module - Single site warning - Map view CISN EEW Testing Center Test users predicted and observed ground motions available warning time probability of false alarm … Decision Module (Bayesian) CISN Shake Alert τ c -P d On-site Algorithm Virtual Seismologist (VS) ElarmS Single sensorSensor network

8. ShakeAlert Forecast Evaluation Problems: –Scientific publications provide insufficient information for independent evaluation –Data to evaluate forecast experiments are often improperly specified –Active researchers are constantly tweaking their codes and procedures, which become moving targets –Difficult to find resources to conduct and evaluate long term forecasts –Standards are lacking for testing forecasts against reference observations 8 Problems in Assessing Forecasts

12. Different algorithms produce different forecast parameters Some (e.g. On-site) produce site-specific information (PGA), event magnitude, but no origin time or distance to event Some (e.g. Vs) produces full event parametric information. Some (e.g. Elarms) produce site specific ground motion estimates on a regular grid. Some produce single values (On-site) Some produce time-series with updates (Vs,Elarms) 12 EEW Algorithm Differences

14. Applying the CSEP Testing Approach to Earthquake Early Warning Forecasts CISN and SCEC received funding from USGS to develop and evaluate prototype network-based EEW: SCEC has implemented the CISN Testing Center (CTC) to evaluate the system and seismological performance of the CISN and USGS ShakeAlert earthquake early warning prototype system.

15. Forecast Testing Should Increase Along with Forecast Impact Public and Governmental Forecasts Engineering and Interdisciplinary Research Collaborative Research Project Individual Research Project Computational codes, structural models, and simulation results versioned with associated tests. Development of new computational, data, and physical models. Automated retrospective testing of forecast models using community defined validation problems. Automated prospective testing of forecast models over time within collaborative forecast testing center. SCEC Computational Forecast Users Scientific and Engineering Requirements for Forecast Modeling Systems

16. CISN Testing Center Design Goals and Constraints: –Establish scientific framework for ShakeAlert Testing –Simple and inexpensive to develop and operate –Provide value to USGS and ShakeAlert developers –Communicate value of EEW testing to SCEC community and CISN 16 Scale of SCEC CTC Activity

17. Many CSEP testing principles are applicable to CISN EEW Testing. The following definitions need to be made to evaluate forecasts: –Exact definition of testing area –Exact definition of a forecast –Exact definition of input data used in forecasts –Exact definition of reference observation data –Measures of success for forecasts 17 Design of an Experiment

18. Testing Center System Requirements The goals of both an EEW and Earthquake Forecast Testing Center Goals (as outlined by Schorlemmer and Gerstenberger (2007)) describe what is needed to build trust in results: Controlled Environment Transparency Comparability Reproducibility

19. Earthquake Catalog Retrieve Data Filter Catalog Filtered Earthquake Catalog CISN EEW Performance Summary Processing CISN EEW Testing Center and Web Site ANSS Earthquake Catalog UCB/ElarmSNI EEW Data Source CIT/OnSite EEW Data Source Load Reports EEW Trigger Reports EEW Trigger Reports Observed ANSS Data CISN EEW Trigger Data Produce Web Summaries

20. CISN Testing Document

21. Decide if the 3 CSEP regions valid for EEW Region Under Test Catalog Event Region Buffer to avoid catalog issues 21 Selection of a Testing Region

22. CISN Testing Document

24. ShakeAlert Performance Testing System Overview CISN Testing Center (top right) retrieves a daily earthquake catalog from ANSS Data Center (bottom right) and ShakeAlert performance logs from U.C. Berkeley (left). It then matches new ANSS events to Algorithm Alerts and Decision Module Alerts and plots (1) Event Performance summaries, and (2) Cumulative Performance Summaries at USC

25. Types of ShakeAlert Performance Summaries Currently Available Summaries posted online at: http://scec.usc.edu/scecpedia/CTC_Results

26. Cumulative ShakeAlert Performance Results for all ANSS catalog events M3.5+ with Network Codes CI and NC between 4 March 2012 and 31 March 2013.

32. M4.5 at 2.4 km (1.5 mi) NE of The Geysers, CA 38.8123, -122.786, 2km Mar 14 2013 09:09:23 UTC 71954065

33. 4.0 at 21.3 km (13.3 mi) SE of Markleeville, CA 38.5598, - 119.616, 7km Jan 24 2013 23:25:51 UTC71928201

34. EEW Science Testing introduces elements that CSEP has not had to consider –More difficult to determine information used in forecast. –Especially difficult to determine information used when Bayesian approach is fully implemented –Testing considered prospective if logged in real-time, not evaluated before earthquake occurs –Warning-time of forecast (forecast term e.g. 60 second …1 second) varies by event –Greater interest in summary of performance on an event by event basis. Should support push-based distribution of results after significant events. 34

35. Conclusions 1.Broad impact of seismological technologies like EEW are great enough to warrant significant effort for evaluation. 2.Independent evaluation for EEW provides valuable service to agencies including CISN, USGS, CPEC, NEPC, and others. 3.Prospective must be done to before techniques will be accepted. 4.Similarities between problems lead to similar scientific techniques. 5.Similarities between problems lead to similar technology approach and potentially common infrastructure. 6.“Neutral” third party testing has significant benefits to the science grous involved in forecasting. 7.CSEP infrastructure can be adapted for use in CISN EEW Testing Centers.

36. End

37. Useful Information to Help Interpretation of CTC Performance Summary Results CTC performance summaries are focused on ShakeAlert speed of operation and earthquake event parameter forecasts. No site specific ground motion performance summaries have been developed. CTC ShakeAlert performance summaries compare ANSS event parameters to ShakeAlert alert event parameter forecasts. No searching for “false alerts” is currently done. Because ANSS Catalog is considered the correct observation, the CTC waits 48 hours after events to let the ANSS catalog settle down before generating CTC performance summaries. Cumulative summaries depend on the catalog filter criteria (date range, magnitude, and region) used to select ANSS catalog events. Currently, ANSS events are selected for Mag >= 3.5, Network ID NC or CI. And, we currently run for two time frames Sept 2011 through present and March 3, 2012 through present (considered the Elarms2 era). One pager event summaries are produced for new all ANSS events with Network ID NC or CI and Mag >= 3.0

38. EEW As An Earthquake Forecast Earthquake Earthquake Warning systems predict final earthquake magnitude before it is known, possibly before earthquake rupture is completed. -Most rigorous type of forecast testing in prospective testing. -We consider prospective EEW testing if the EEW algorithms log their forecasts in real-time, before final forecasts parameters (e.g. final magnitude) is known.