1. LBSC 690 Module 2 Architecture

2. Computer Explosion Last week examined explosive growth of computers. What has led to this growth? Reduction in cost. Reduction in size and power consumption. Increase in performance. Speed of access and computing. Increase in reliability. Wide variety of software available.

3. Technology Factors Solid State Technology Computing Systems Architecture & Design Telecommunications Technology Advanced Applications Development

4. Solid State Technology Began with transistor. Invented by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley in !947. At Bell Labs. Awarded Nobel Prizes in 1956. Discrete component. Semiconductor switch. Integrated Circuit. Invented by Jack Kilbey of Texas Instruments in 1958. Awarded Nobel Prize in 2000.

5. Solid State Technology(Cont’d.) Further developments: LSI. VLSI. VHSIC. ULSI. Advanced miniaturization (microprocessor), cost reduction and reliability.

6. Integrated Circuits Fabricated in “clean rooms.” Made from silicon. Melted in an induction furnace. Pulled as a single epitaxial crystal from the melt. Single round crystal. Sliced into wafers.

7. Fabrication Uses silicon wafers plus: Chemicals & gases, Metallic atoms, Ultraviolet light & X-rays, and Masks. Layering: Silicon dioxide. Photoresist. Photolithography. Etching. Ion implantation. More than 20 layers in a microprocessor. More than 250 steps in process.

8. Packaging Each wafer contains one hundred or more microprocessors. (Chips). Each chip is tested. Wafer is cut with a diamond saw. Each chip is put into a package. Packages mounted on printed circuit boards. Boards assembled into computers.

9. Historical Development of Microprocessor Chips 1969: Datapoint Corporation. Wanted to implement their microprocessor on chip. Intel & Texas Instruments. 1971: Intel announces 4004. 2,300 transistors ((10 microns), 108 Khz. Clock speed, 60 KIPS. 4 bit bus width.

10. History (Cont’d.) 1974: Intel announces 8008. 3500 transistors (10 microns), 200 Khz clock speed, 60 KIPS, 8 bit bus width. 1974, MITS ALTAIR 8800 computer announced. (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems.). Programmed in machine language.

11. History (Cont’d) 1974: Birth of a Software Company. Founded by college dropouts. Developed first high level language for a microprocessor - BASIC. What was the company? Who were the two founders? 1974: Intel 8080. 6000 transistors (6 microns), 2 Mhz clock speed, 370 KIPS, 8 bit bus width.

12. History (Cont’d.) 1977: Apple Computer. Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak began building Apple I Computer kits in a garage in California. Followed with Apple II – fully assembled. First commercially successful microcomputer. Used Motorola 6800 microprocessor. 1978: Intel 8086. 29,000 transistors (3 microns), 5 Mhz clock speed, 660KIPS, 16 bit bus width.

13. History (Cont’d.) 1979: The “Corporate Phase” begins. IBM announces the IBM PC. Used the Intel 8086. Used Microsoft’s MS/DOS Operating System. 1984: Motorola introduces the 68000. 32 bit microcomputer. Used in the Apple MacIntosh computer.

14. Intel Processors Model Date Transistors Microns Speed Data Width MIPS. 80286 1982 134,000 1.5 6 MHz 16 bits 1. 80386 1985 275,000 1.5 16 32 5. 80486 1989 1.200.000 1 25 32 20. Pentium 1993 3,100,0000.8 60 32 100. Pentium 1995 5,500,000 0.35 166 64 200. Pro. Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 0.35 233 64 400-. 450. Pentium III 1999 28,000,000 0.18 450 64 850-. 1.13GHz. Itanium 1999 ? ? Pentium 4 2000 ? ? NOTE: Advanced Micro Devices< Inc. (AMD) is a strong competitor.

15. Definitions Computer (System): An assemblage of hardware devices and associated software (computer programs) that accepts inputs, processes them according to a set of instructions (in the software), stores the instructions, the inputs and the results of processing and produces the results as outputs.

16. Von Neumann Architecture CONTROL MEMORY A.L.U.* OUTPUT INPUT Data/Instruction Flow Control Flow*Arithmetic Logical Unit

17. Architecture (Cont’d.) Each basic unit: Contains an important component; The register The basic units are linked by structural components: The buses

18. Definitions (Cont’d.) Architecture: The description of the hardware and software components of a system, their organization, and the structure by which they are interconnected. Register: A device capable of receiving information or instructions, holding them and transferring them as directed by control circuits.

19. Definitions (Cont’d.) Bus: A special electrical circuit, composed of parallel connections, that links the internal components of a computer system. It has four sections: An address bus. A data bus. A control bus. An electrical power bus (lines).

20. Definitions (Cont’d.) Address: Whenever data or instructions are sent to or read from memory cells, I/O ports or registers, each is uniquely identified by a number: Called its “address.” Computer performance: 1. By clock speed. 2. By number of registers and their size (I.e., their length). 3. By the number of buses and their size (I.e., their width.

21. Where the Buses Are Handout diagram. Illustrates typical bus architecture in a PC.