1. The Skeletal System
Support Systems
Unit 2

2. The Basic Functions of the Skeletal System
Hematopoiesis
The process of producing blood cells in the red bone marrow
Structure/Support
Provides a rigid framework that supports the soft tissues of the body and maintains the body’s shape
Movement Facilitation
Bones serve as levers to convert muscular contraction to movement
Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments, tendons, and muscles
Mineral Storage
Bones store calcium in bone matrix

3. Axial vs. Appendicular The Axial Skeleton (green)
Contains the bones that are along the long axis of the body, or the bones of the head and trunk
The Appendicular Skeleton (purple)
Contains the bones of the extremities (or appendages)
Includes the pectoral girdles, pelvic girdles, and the bones of the arms and legs

4. Bones of the Cranium

5. Frontal Bone
Forms the forehead
Forms the roof of the eye sockets

6. Parietal Bones Consists of two bones
Forms the sides and roof of the cranial cavity

7. Temporal Bones Consists of two bones
Forms the lower sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor

8. Occipital Bone The base of the cranial cavity
Prominent posterior portion

9. Facial Bones

10. Maxillae
The upper jaw

11. Mandible
Lower jaw bone

12. The Vertebral Column 7 Cervical Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) 12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
Sacrum
5 fused
Coccyx
4 fused

13. Bones of the Thoracic Cavity
Manubrium
Sternum
Xiphoid Process
Ribs
Manubrium

14. Bones of the Upper Extremities
Shoulder Joint
Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus
Elbow Joint
Radius
Ulna
Wrist & Hand
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges

15. Bones of the Pelvis Os Coxae (single) Ilium Ischium (purple)
Pubis (red)
The fused os coxae articulate with the sacrum

16. Bones of the Lower Extremities
Leg
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Foot & Ankle
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

17. Joints Definition Any location where 2 bones meet Types
Many joint are freely movable joints such as the shoulder, elbow, knee, hip, wrist, etc.
Some joints allow little to no movement such as the sutures of the skull and vertebrae

18. Hinge Joints
Allows for extension and flexion

19. Gliding Joints
Bones slide past each other

20. Ball and Socket Joints
Allows for rotational movement in almost any direction

21. Joints
Types cont.
Some joints allow little to no movement such as the sutures of the skull

22. Ligaments Ligaments attach bone to bones
They provide much of the support for our freely movable joints

23. Disease and Disorders Fractures Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis
Osteoarthritis
Sprains

24. Fractures Types of fractures Closed or simple fracture
The bone is broken and the skin is intact
Open or compound fracture
The bone is broken and the skin is cut by the bone

25. Scoliosis Signs & Symptoms
One hip or one shoulder higher than the other
Back pain
Muscle spasms
Cause
An imbalance of muscles
A leg length discrepancy
Treatment
Bracing, physical therapy, shoe inserts, surgery

26. Kyphosis and Lordosis
Kyphosis- abnormally enlarged thoracic curve (humpback)
Lordosis- abnormally enlarged lumbar curve (swayback)

27. Osteoarthritis
Arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and loss of cartilage in the joints

28. Osteoarthritis Cause: normal wear and tear on the joints
May be specifically causes by:
Obesity
Injury to a joint that is not cared for properly
Signs & Symptoms
Joint soreness, aching, stiffness, and swelling
Bone spurs may develop which increases pain and loss of motion
Treatment includes:
pain relievers, steroids, and surgical joint replacement

29. Sprain
The stretching or tearing of a ligament.

30. Three Degrees of Sprains
1st degree
The stretching of a ligament causing micro-tears in the tissue
2nd degree
A partial tear
3rd degree
A complete rupture
Signs & Symptoms include pain, swelling, joint laxity, instability
Treat with RICE

31. Careers

32. Radiologist
Medical doctors who have specialized in radiology during their internship and residency.
College (4 years), Med school (3 or 4 years), and then internship/residency (3 - 5 years). So that's 10 to 13 years after high school
Directs medical imaging technologist to diagnose and treat diseases and disorders
Reads x-rays, MRI, CT scans
Average : $300, 000
Radiologist video

33. Radiology Technician Specialize in diagnostic imaging
Take x-rays, MRI, CT, Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasonography
Associate degree for x-ray certification
Bachelors degree for further specialization
MRI, CT, Nuclear Med and Ultrasound
Average salary: $30-35,000
A Day in the Life - Radiological Technician - YouTube

34. Chiropractor
Diagnoses and treats mechanical disorders of the spine and musculoskeletal system
Provide natural, drug-less, non surgical treatments like adjustments and joint alignments
Earn Doctorate of Chiropractic = 8 years
Average Salary- $65, ,000
youniversity chiropractor

35. Physical Therapist
Help restore function, improve mobility, relieve pain and prevent or limit permanent physical disabilities of patients suffering from injuries or diseases
Doctorate degree (6years)
Salary : $60- 85,000
Physical Therapy (long but good)

36. Physical Therapy Assistant
Works under direction and supervision of a physical therapist
Perform exercises, massages, electric stimulation, hot and cold packs, traction and ultrasound to patients
Complete Physical Therapy Assistant Program= 2 years- Associates degree
Salary- $35-55,000

37. Physical Therapy Aide
Under close supervision of a physical therapist or physical therapy assistant
Perform only delegated, selected, or routine tasks in specific situations. These duties include preparing the patient and the treatment area.
On the job training
Salary- $8-15 per hour

38. Vocabulary- Word Parts
Costo- rib
Chondro- cartilage
Cranio- skull or cranium
Thoraco- chest or chest wall
Hemato- blood
Cephal- cranial or head
Cervico- neck, neck of an organ
Arthro- joint
Osteo- bone
Vertebro- vertebra

39. Vocabulary- word parts
Inter- between intercostal (between the ribs)
Sub- under, beneath, less than
Ex: Sublingual (under the tongue)
-poiesis - formation or production of
Ex: Hematopoiesis (production of blood)
-malacia - softening of tissue
Ex: Osteomalacia (softening of bone)
-al - relating to
Ex: Vertebral (relating to the vertebrae)

40. Vocabulary- word parts
-genesis - generation, reproduction
Ex: Osteogenesis (generation of bone cells)
-tomy - cutting into, incision
Ex: Craniotomy (cutting into the skull)
-ectomy - excision, removal of
Ex: Appendectomy (removal of the appendix)
-ic - characteristic of, relating to
Ex: Thoracic (relating to the chest)

41. Vocabulary Thoracic - pertaining to the chest or thorax
Cranium - the portion of the skull that encloses the brain
Extremities - the arms and legs
X-ray - type of diagnostic imaging
Hematopoieses - production of blood cells
Vertebrae - any of the 33 bones of the spinal column