1. Post 2012 International Climate Change Regime – Negotiation Aspects on Climate Change Adaptation Dr. Ama Kwansima Essel Dakar, Senegal 5/07/10

2. Outline of Presentation Background – Bali Action Plan (Decision 1/CP13 Processes after Bali African Platform Copenhagen AWGLCA Text Copenhagen Accord Post Copenhagen Chair Text

3. The Bali Action Plan (Decision 1CP.13) Reaffirmed that economic, social development and poverty eradication are global priorities Decided that it was essential to respond to the findings of the 4 th assessment report of the IPCC Recognized that deep cuts in emissions are needed to achieve the aim of the Convention Decided to launch a comprehensive process to enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention through long-term cooperative action, now, up to and beyond 2012, in order to reach an agreed outcome and adopt a decision at its fifteenth session

4. The Bali Action Plan (Decision 1CP.13) The main building blocks under LCA: Shared Vision Mitigation Adaptation Finance Technology Transfer

5. Adaptation Under The Bali Action Plan Under the BAP, Enhanced action on adaptation, covers, inter alia, consideration of: 1)International cooperation to support urgent implementation of adaptation actions, including through vulnerability assessments, prioritization of actions, financial needs assessments, capacity-building and response strategies, integration of adaptation actions into sectoral and national planning, specific projects and programmes, means to incentivize the implementation of adaptation actions,

6. Adaptation Under The Bali Action Plan and other ways to enable climate-resilient development and reduce vulnerability of all Parties, taking into account the urgent and immediate needs of developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, especially the least developed countries and small island developing States, and further taking into account the needs of countries in Africa affected by drought, desertification and floods; 2)Risk management and risk reduction strategies, including risk sharing and transfer mechanisms such as insurance

7. Adaptation Under The Bali Action Plan 3)Disaster reduction strategies and means to address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change; 4)Economic diversification to build resilience; 5)Ways to strengthen the catalytic role of the Convention in encouraging multilateral bodies, the public and private sectors and civil society, building on synergies among activities and processes, as a means to support adaptation in a coherent and integrated manner;

8. From Bali to the current situation (Processes under AWG-LCA) In Bali parties agreed that the process shall begin without delay, that the sessions of the group should be scheduled as often as is feasible and necessary to complete the work of the group, where possible in conjunction with sessions of other bodies established under the Convention, and that its sessions may be complemented by workshops and other activities, as required; Parties decided that the first session of the group shall be held as soon as is feasible and not later than April 2008;

9. From Bali to the current situation (Processes under AWG-LCA) A number negotiation sessions of varying durations (1- 2 weeks) of the AWGLCA has been held: Bangkok - Bonn- Accra – Poznan  2008 Bonn-Bonn- Bangkok-Barcelona - Copenhagen  2009 Bonn – Bonn  2010 Others are planned for August and October 2010

10. The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen Adopted in Algiers, November 2008. First updated, Nairobi, May 2009 Key Messages: Africa's expectation of the outcome of Copenhagen is an inclusive, fair and effective outcome that prioritises both adaptation and mitigation, and recognizes that Africa has an urgent need for support in the implementation of adaptation. The Copenhagen outcome must recognize that solving the climate problem will only be possible if it is undertaken in the context of Africa's need for development.

11. The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen The provision of financial, technological and capacity building support by developed country Parties for adaptation in developing countries is a commitment under the Convention that must be urgently fulfilled, recognizing that climate change is an additional burden to sustainable development, and a threat to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. By 2020 the scale of additional, adequate, predictable and sustainable financial flows to support adaptation in developing countries must be at least $ 67 billion / year

12. The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen Adaptation and Means of Implementation Africa is one of the most vulnerable continents to climate change, with major development and poverty eradication challenges and limited capacity for adaptation. International cooperation on implementation of adaptation action in Africa is urgent and must be accorded the same level of priority and emphasis as that given to mitigation

13. The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen (Adaptation) Objectives: A comprehensive and action oriented programme on the implementation of adaptation actions must be established. This programme must implement, support and facilitate urgent and immediate adaptation action that reduces vulnerability and builds resilience of developing countries to impacts that are already occurring, including impacts of increasing numbers of extreme weather events, and impacts that are expected to occur in the future by: Providing access to means of implementation (finance, technology and capacity building) for implementing urgent and immediate adaptation action, at regional and country level

14. The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen (Adaptation) Implementing urgent and immediate adaptation action at national, regional and global levels Promoting coherence and facilitating linkages with other international, regional and national programmes, bodies and stakeholders that are implementing adaptation and related activities, including the Nairobi Work Programme

15. The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen Principles: The Adaptation Action Programme must: Be undertaken in the context of the principles and commitments of the Convention Be country driven Address the concerns of all vulnerable groups whose adaptive capacity is low, and in particularly gender and youth concerns, recognizing that women and children are particularly affected by the impacts of climate change Reflect indigenous knowledge and practice

16. The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen (Adaptation) Provision of financial resources, technology and capacity building This Programme for Adaptation Action is complementary to, and consistent with the G77 and China proposals on financing and technology under the AWG LCA. The provision of financial and technical support by developed country Parties for adaptation programmes in developing countries is a commitment under the Convention that must be urgently fulfilled, recognizing that climate change is an additional burden to sustainable development, and a threat to achieving the Millennium Development Goals.

17. The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen (Adaptation) The Adaptation Action Programme must provide scaled up, new, additional, adequate, predictable and sustainable financial, technological and capacity building support to address all key areas of the Adaptation Action Programme in a manner that is holistic, and consistent with national and regional development objectives, programmes and plans. By 2020 the scale of financial flows to support adaptation in developing countries must be at least $ 67 billion / year

18. The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen (Adaptation) High priority needs of funding for the implementation of NAPAs Urgency for the operationalization of the Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Protocol and monetization of the CERs to support adaptation actions.

19. The African Climate Platform to Copenhagen (Adaptation) – Institutional Arrangements Call for the establishment of an Adaptation Committee to oversee the implementation adaptation actions at the international level Adaptation Committee shall be under the guidance and authority of the COP and shall be accountable to the COP Shall have equal geographical representation – which ensures majority of membership being from developing countries Adaptation Committee shall, among others, evaluate and approve adaptation projects and programmes for funding by the Adaptation Fund Board (AFB). It shall under the current institutional arrangements under the AFB, take up the functions of the Projects and Programmes Review Committee (PPRC)

20. Evolution of the Adaptation Negotiation Text Non Paper 53 (Barcelona 2-6 Nov. 2009) Contains non-paper 31 (20/10/09)- revised streamlined text on adaptation and non-paper 41 (5/11/09)- draft text produced by co- facilitators

21. Non paper 31 (22 pages) Had sections A-F and appendix I-IV plus one more appendix which was related to financial units and had to be discussed under the Finance contact group A.Definitions, objectives, guiding principles, scope and roles and responsibilities B.Implementation of adaptation action to climate change C.Means of implementation

22. Non paper 31 (22 pages) D.Risk Management and risk reduction strategies, including risk sharing and transfer mechanisms such as insurance: International Mechanisms to Address Loss and Damage risks E.Institutional Arrangements F.[Assessing delivery of means of implementation for adaptation] [Monitoring and review of adaptation action and support]

23. Non paper 31 (22 pages) Annex I- Activities to plan and prepare for implementation of adaptation action Annex II- Objectives and modalities of national adaptation plans, programmes and activities Annex III- Possible tasks of institutional arrangements Annex IV- Detailed Functions of Centres Appendix- For Finance contact group

24. Non-Paper 41 (9 pages) This draft document consisted of a preamble, 18 key negotiating points and 4 annexes Key issues : – Defining adaptation, who is most vulnerable, how it should be addressed. – The importance of enhancing international cooperation through the establishment of an adaptation framework or programme

25. Non-Paper 41 (9 pages) The implementation of the adaptation [framework] [programme] How adaptation actions shall be undertaken Developed countries support for adaptation and coverage Substantially scaled-up, adequate and predictable financial support, who benefits primarily and in what package it comes

26. Non-Paper 41 (9 pages) Issue of insurance and compensation with regards to unavoidable loss due to adverse effects of CC Strengthening and establishing of regional centres Institutional arrangements under the convention Monitoring, review and reporting on support provided and received

27. Some Elements in the Adaptation Text from Copenhagen At Copenhagen and Post Copenhagen: Para 5 in the Shared vision; Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change and the potential impacts of response is a challenge faced by all countries. Annex II: Establishes the Copenhagen Adaptation Framework [for Implementation]

28. Some Elements in the Adaptation Text from Copenhagen Follow a country-driven, gender-sensitive, participatory and fully transparent approach, taking into consideration vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems The best available science, and as appropriate traditional knowledge Taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities

29. Some Elements in the Adaptation Text from Copenhagen Developed country parties will be supported by developing countries Establishing designated national-level institutional arrangements for adaptation with a view to enhancing work on the full range of adaptation actions from planning to implementation Invitation to relevant multilateral, international, regional and national organizations, the public and private sectors, civil society and other relevant stakeholders to undertake and support enhanced action on adaptation at all levels The Secretariat should support the Copenhagen Framework as requested by its mandate

30. Not AGREED Who should strengthen who Measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of support and actions Institutional Arrangements, including Financial Mechanism (not concluded) with windows for Adaptation, Mitigation, Technology Transfer, Capacity building. Linked to the Adaptation window there will be an Adaptation body (Adaptation Committee) which will look at the technical aspect

31. 15 th Conference of Parties (Copenhagen) The Adaptation contact group almost finished going through draft negotiating text but many other contact groups under the LCA (except technology) were not close to finishing by the last day of the COP The COP decided to extend the mandate of the AWG- LCA for another year. The AWG-LCA should thus present their work to the sixteenth COP in Cancun, Mexico in November/December 2010

32. Copenhagen Accord The Copenhagen Accord which was a political deal could not be adopted as a COP decision and was only taken note of The Accord recognized the critical impacts of climate change and the need for adaptation by countries but mixed up adaptation to adverse effects of climate change to the potential impacts of response measures It stresses the need to establish a comprehensive adaptation programme including international support.

33. The Copenhagen Accord and Adaptation It highlighted the urgent need for enhanced action and international cooperation on Adaptation to ensure implementation of the Convention especially in those countries that are particularly vulnerable, especially least developed countries, small island developing States and Africa.

34. The Copenhagen Accord and Adaptation Developed countries shall provide adequate, predictable and sustainable financial resources, technology and capacity-building to support the implementation of adaptation action in developing countries.

35. Post Copenhagen Negotiations Meeting in Bonn, April 2010 principally an agenda setting meeting Meeting in Bonn, June 2010 The new chair of the AWG-LCA after the April meeting put together a text to facilitate negotiations taking into account work done at COP 15 and also some elements of the Copenhagen Accord

36. Post Copenhagen Negotiations 39 page document which brings together all the Bali Action building blocks Adaptation is Chapter II of the Annexes of the document June no contact groups formed, work was done in plenary and the chair brought out questions which would help parties discuss or resolve difficult or crunch issues identified in chapter I of the chair’s text

37. Bonn Meeting June, 2010 (Questions Posed by Chair for Adaptation ) What should be the scope of enhanced action on adaptation; should it only encompass the adverse effects of climate change or also the impact of the implementation of response measures? What should be the functions of any institutional arrangements for adaptation under the Convention?

38. Bonn Meeting June, 2010 (Questions Posed by Chair for Adaptation ) How should loss and damage associated with climate change impacts in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable be addressed? How should adaptation action be matched with support?

39. New Revised Text After June The chair has revised text after the June meeting following inputs and recommendations from the parties This 21 page document will be used for further negotiations this August in Bonn Para 5&6 under shared vision include text on adaptation which brings in some of the key issues discussed under the African platform (e.g. country drivenness)

40. New Revised Text After June Section B with discussion around the Adaptation Framework (Preamble?) Chapter II- Enhanced action on adaptation The issues that have to be agreed on are similar to that of the June meeting