1. Alexis de Tocqueville Democracy in America Five Values 1. Laissez-Faire- government policy of “hands off” economy 2. Individualism -free to flourish without regard to station in life 3. Populism- participation of common people 4. Egalitarianism- society of equals 5. Liberty- protection from tyranny, rule of law, religious faith

2. Founding Father’s Line-up 1. Benjamin Rush-Father of American Medicine, signer of D of I 2. John Jay - Federalists Papers, first Chief Justice of Supreme Court, neg. US borders 3. John Peter Muhlenberg-clergymen recruited soldiers to fight British 4. Jonathan Trumball, Sr. – colonial governor sided with colonists against the British, helped supply Washington’s army 5. John Hancock-Pres. Second Continental Congress, signer of D of I 6. John Witherspoon-signer of D of I, Pres. Of New Jersey College (Princeton) 7. Charles Carroll- helped to finance the war with his own money, signer of D of I 8. John Locke- theory that governments were to protect natural God given rights

3. Charters of Freedom 1.Dec. of Independence – “We Hold these truths to be self- evident” 2. Constitution – Preamble- a. form a more perfect union b. establish justice c. insure domestic tranquility d. provide for the common defense e. promote the general welfare 3.Bill of Rights – first ten amendments 1.2.3.4. 5. self-incrimination, double jeopardy, private property taken without compensation

4. Principles of the US Constitution Seven Principles 1. Checks and Balances- prevents one branch from becoming too powerful. ie, presidential Veto 2. Federalism - powers divided between national and state governments, working together 3. Sep. of Powers- divide power between 3 branches; legislative, executive, judicial 4. Limited Government- powers of government are limited to those mentioned in the Constitution 5. Republicanism – democratic government of representatives elected by the people 6. Popular Sovereignty- powers of the government come from the consent of the governed 7. Individual Rights – rights guaranteed by the constitution

5. Bill of Rights 1 st TEN AMENDMENTS I. – RAPPS- religion, assembly, petition, press speech II. Right to bear arms - III. Quartering of Troops- IV Search and Seizure - protects against unreasonable searches and seizure V. Criminal Proceedings;Due Process; Eminent Domain – -grand jury, double jeopardy, self-incrimination;eminent domain VI. Speedy and Public Trial- impartial jury VII. Civil Trials – jury trial in civil cases VIII. Punishment for Crimes- protection against cruel and unusual punshishment IX Unenumerated Rights- just because rights are not listed doesn’t mean you don’t have that right X. Reserved Power Amendment- powers not granted to the federal government are reserved to the states

6. Westward Expansion Klondike Gold Rush – “gold in ‘em ‘ ar hills” 1896 Alaska settlers poured into area Manifest Destiny- US was destined to expand from coast to coast Homestead Act- cheap land for farming, conflict with Indians Cattle Boom-drive cattle across open plains to RR stations, sent cattle east to big cities Railroads – transcontinental railroad, completed 1869 Utah – - national market - bring settlers west Indian Wars-defeat indians, Wounded Knee; placed on reservations throughout the west; Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse Dawes Act-attempt to assimilate Indians, gave families land to farm, Indian Schools taught trades Farm Issues- crop failure, inflation, debt, natural disaster, lack of government help, - populist movement – address issues, silver

7. POLITICAL MACHINES Who was the famous political boss of Tammany Hall, NYC? Boss Tweed Corruption Bribery BUSINESS Free enterprise, laissez-faire government and abundant resources caused — large scale economic growth Led to growth of industry / corporations / trusts / monopolies Entrepreneurs Andrew W. Carnegie - Gospel of Wealth (philanthropy) John Rockefeller – Standard Oil List workplace abuses— long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions Why was this called the Gilded Age? Thin layer of prosperity covering abuses by corps. What was Social Darwinism? survival of the fittest, no govern. intervention IMMIGRATION Push factors? war, natural disaster Pull factors? Jobs, education, land, opportunity New immigrants from southern/eastern Europe What was nativism? Favoring native born over immigs. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)—What was the economic impact? Wages increase, unemployment declines Social Gospel – Christian value that motivated social reform efforts (ex. Salvation Army) What was Americanization? adopting American customs

8. URBANIZATION Rural to urban-Why did people move? Rapid growth brought problems: Overcrowding Sanitation problems Tenements Infrastructure Corruption TECHNOLOGY Elevator Telephone/telegraph Oil drilling Bessemer Process Electricity How did technology impact business? Expansion of businesses, overproduction, need for markets overseas

9. Progressive Era Reforms Instructions: Trace the problems to the reform and then explain the impact. Problem Muckraker Reform What impact did the reform have? Economic 1.Monopolies/trusts 2.Banks 3.Laissez-faire government  Ida Tarbell = Standard Oil  Theodore Roosevelt  Woodrow Wilson  Business regulation: o Interstate Commerce Act o Sherman Anti-Trust Act o Clayton Anti-Trust prevent unfair business practices, restore competitive market place  Federal Reserve Act 1913 — Established the Federal Reserve System to help with economic issues, control the flow on money eliminate drastic fluctuation in economy  16 th Amendment— o Income Tax Social 1. Civil Rights 2. Suffrage 3. Working conditions 4. Living conditions 5. Consumer safety  Ida B. Wells - lynching  W.E.B. DuBois- founded NAACP  Elizabeth Cady Stanton – women’s rights  Susan B. Anthony  Jane Addams, Jacob Riis  Booker T. Washington- gradual equality Upton Sinclair wrote —The Jungle  NAACP  19 th Amendment  Settlement houses  Education  Meat Inspection Act  Pure Food and Drug Act Protects consumers from harmful food and drugs  Labor Unions — AFL, Knights of Labor Political 1.Government corruption 2.Amendments  Lincoln Steffens  Robert LaFollette  Initiative— introduce bills & vote  Recall— remove elected official  Referendum— directly on ballot  Direct Primary—selection of cand  17 th Amendment—Senators  Civil Service Reform—no spoils system gives citizens more control of government, more opportunities to participate Environment 1.Abuse of natural resources  Teddy Roosevelt  John Muir  National Park Service Act  National Park System 8

10. American Imperialism From Isolationism to Expansionism Why?Examples:  Military o Alfred T. Mahan argued for a strong navy in his book “Influence of Sea Power Upon History” o Protection of territories o Refueling ports  Economic/Political o Need for raw materials and markets. o Open Door Policy— U.S. declares continued trade with _China_. o Boxer Rebellion o Dollar Diplomacy— Taft’s idea to give _financial _ support to other countries. o Roosevelt Corollary— justified sending U.S. troops to intervene in Central America.  Social o Spread of American institutions o Missionary zeal o Christian Duty  Annexation of Hawaii o Sandford B. Dole – helped overthrow Queen o Missionaries o Military Port- fueling station  Commodore Perry opens Japan to trade  Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt pushed for expansionism— what is that? social gospel- white man’s burden Christian duty  How was this different from previous U.S. foreign policy? -isolationism  Panama Canal o Huge undertaking that Theodore Roosevelt oversaw o Improved trade and military movement o Malaria/challenges of geography Think About It: How did these events move the U.S. into the position as a world power? 9

11. When?1914-1918___ World War I —Why is this a Turning Point? Technological Innovations?  submarines  machine guns  poison gas  tanks/planes Effects of Technological Innovations  Western Front— hundreds of miles of battle front along eastern France  Trench warfare … led to a  Stalemate led to …  Massive casualties Treaty of Versailles— Germany reparations and accept war guilt Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points created League of _Nations_ Great Migration- African Amer. Move north U.S. returns to isolationism International instability Espionage Act of 1917/Sedition Act restricted freedom of speech_ Selective Service Act – Drafted Who? President Wilson initially declared neutrality Alliances: _Allies __ vs. _Central Powers__ American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) led by__John Pershing___ Argonne Forest one of the most famous battles (1918)because turning point; _ Allied victory_ Alvin York won the Medal of Honor Another Turning Point! Militarism: strong military Alliances:linked together Imperialism:compete for colonies Nationalism: national pride  Assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand_1914__  When __1917__  Lusitania is sunk  Germany’s unrestricted _submarine warfare__ warfare  Ties to Allies  Z immerman_ Telegram  Sussex Pledge- promise to warn passagengers before attack  11

12. Spanish American War Review this short war and its impact by filling in the blanks When? 1898 ___USS MAINE______ is sent to Cuba to protect U.S. interests Explodes and seen as an attack on the U.S.- sabatage Where? Havana, _Cuba_____ San Juan Hill Victory of Rough Riders led by Teddy Roosevelt Philippines How?  Media— Yellow journalism increases support  Land— U.S. fought Spain in Cuba and the Phillipines  Sea— U.S. defeats _Spain quickly Significance U.S. acquired territory from Spain—Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines Platt Amendment— U.S. could intervene in Cuba Why is this war considered a turning point? US wins; now a world power Turning Point! Who?  Yellow journalism—Pulitzer and Hearst newspapers used this exaggerated form of journalism  U.S. vs. Spain Why?  DéLome letter calls President McKinley weak. Americans are ___Outraged_ and protest USS Maine sinks and the U.S. blames ___Spain_____ 10

13. “Business in the Front” POLITICAL  “Return to Normalcy” — President Harding’s reduced role of U.S. government / laissez-faire policies  Harding & Teapot Dome Scandal  18 TH Amendment—Prohibition of Alcohol  19 th Amendment— women’s right to vote  21 st Amendment—repeal prohibition ECONOMIC $Economic Boom—How did these impact the Economy? $Mass Production/Assembly Line- $Henry Ford $Laissez-Faire – “hands off” $Buying-on-Credit SOCIAL o Red Scare/Sacco-Vanzetti— targets of navists o Growth of nativism o Immigration Quota/Citizenship Act of 1924 o Eugenics- selective breeding o Great Migration influenced culture o Social Darwinism-survival of the fittest applied to society and business “Change in the Back” SOCIAL—modernism v. traditionalism  Adventure— o Charles Lindbergh— first to cross Atlantic in plane o Glenn Curtiss — Aviation Pioneer that was 1 st to design seaplane that could take off and land on water  Changing Role of Women— o Flappers o Frances Willard — Temperance Movement o Women’s Rights Movement  Cultural Values— o Prohibition Organized Crime o Scopes “Monkey” Trial— clash between traditionalism and modernism over teaching evolution.  Clarence Darrow – defense attorney  William Jennings Bryan – prosecutor  Art, Music & Literature o Jazz Age – birth of new music o Harlem Renaissance  Langston Hughes  Marcus Garvey o Tin Pan Alley— o Lost Generation —F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby; Ernest Hemingway; Sinclair Lewis 12

14. 1920’s Warning Signs—  Overproduction  Speculation and _buying____on margin  Buying on credit  Bad banking practices  Federal trade policies 1929 What was Black Tuesday? Stock market crash 1930’s Immediate reactions—  People who invested in stock market couldn’t repay loans  Bank runs/failures  Reduced demand for goods/unemployment Hoover—  Rugged­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­__individualism____  Believed government involvement should be limited  Reconstruction Finance Corp.  Mexican Repatriation Act— Hoover passed act to send Mexican American immigrants to their home country  Hoovervilles Effects of the Great Depression—no safety net at the time  Widespread unemployment  Business failures  Foreclosures  Homelessness – hobos  Americans looked to government to solve economic problems Dust Bowl—  Where? midwest  Why? 10 yr drought  Impact? Worst natural disaster in US history; millions left region  Dorothea Lange—photographer who captured the difficulties

15. Why was this a Turning Point? FDR is elected (1932)—  Promised a New Deal- turning point in government involvement in the economy  “Fireside Chats” reassured Americans  Eleanor Roosevelt —political activist  Frances Perkins – 1 st female U.S. Cabinet member as Secretary of Labor New Deal provided—  Relief—bank holiday—CCC, PWA, WPA, (Alphabet Soup) programs  Recovery —support production  Reform—FDIC; Security Exchange Commission; Social Security Act Opposition—  A number of people were critical of FDR’s New Deal including constitutional challenges that the federal government was overstepping its power FDR’s Court-packing—  FDR plan to add appointed justices to the Supreme Court to vote in favor of New Deal  Viewed as challenge to separation of powers New Monetary Policy—  Moved from gold standard to fiat (paper) money to expand money supply and stimulate economy 13

16. Why was this a Turning Point? FDR’sNEWDEAL Instructions: What is important about the following— Relief (Short-term) Is like — bandaide Recovery (Stimulus) Is like — cast Reform (Systematic) Is like —new limb Bank Holiday: closed all banks until they were financially stable Emergency Mortgage Loans: Work Relief Programs: Civilian Conservation Corps Public Works Program Works Progress Admin. National Recovery Administration: set price and production controls and minimum wage Agricultural Adjustment Administration: paid farmers to plant less; gov’t bought farm surplus to control prices  Social Security Administration provides unemployment insurance, retirement pemsions – workers pay in contributions:  Securities & Exchange Commission: watches stock market activity and prevent fraud  Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.: insure bank deposits up to$ 250,00  Tennessee Valley Authority: created dams along the Tennessee River to provide electricity 14 Decreased spending Decreased wages Unemployment Increased spending Increased employment Increased wages All of these are in effect today!

17. Why was this a Turning Point? Pacific Theatre Hideki Tojo— emperor of Japan Flying Tigers — Volunteers pilots help China against Japan Bataan Death March—60 mile march through jungles of Philippines faced starvation and death Island-Hopping— US pacific strategy Navajo Code Talkers— used to send messages Chester Nimitz—US Navy Admiral defeated Japanese at Battle of Midway Douglas Macarthur— US Army Command. In Pacific George Marshall— Chief of Staff “Organizer of Victory  Battle of Midway- US victory/ turning point  Atomic bombs dropped- Truman; Hiroshima/Nagasaki-save lives American Home Front: Isolationism to War Neutrality Acts/Lend Lease Act—keep US out of war/ allowed US to sell, lease or lend to Britain Roosevelt— Pres. During most of WWII Appeasement— giving in to demands to avoid war  Pearl Harbor— surprise attack by Japan, US declares war Executive Order 9066 + Internment Camps— Japanese Americans placed in camps Office of War Information + Propaganda— make public aware of how they could help War bonds, rationing, victory gardens— ways to support war effort Volunteering/patriotism— Women- Afric.Amer. Enlist— brought an end to Depression Mobilization— prepare for war, War Prod. Board Vernon J. Baker— African-Amer. Medal of Honor U.S. entry—

18. Why was this a Turning Point? Adolf Hitler— leader of Germany Benito Mussolini— leader of Italy Joseph Stalin— leader of USSR/ Allies Dictatorship— single leader total control Aggression— Hitler’s move through Europe Winston Churchill— leader of Britain Fascism—extreme nationalism George Patton— US Commander led army through Africa and Italy Dwight Eisenhower- Supreme US Comm. Led invasion of France at Normandy Omar Bradley-led first army through France  D-Day Invasion & Normandy— Tuskegee Airmen— Afric-Amer. Fighter pilot unit led to integration of military Holocaust— Hitler’s genocide Liberation of concentration camps— Allies realize the extent of the Holocaust

19. Why was this a Turning Point? June 6, 1944 D-Day Invasion Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor 1942 Midway Aug. 1945 Atomic Bombs

20. Why was this a Turning Point? A Battle of Ideology United Nations a United States/ Western Europe U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union) Who was involved? Political Characteristics: -Communists party control -One party leader Economic characteristics: -Command economy -No economic freedoms -No private property -State ownership of business Political Characteristics: -multi-party system - Freedom of expression, religion Economic Characteristics: -free market -economic freedom -private ownership of business -supply and demand determine price Truman Doctrine — aid to free countries resisting communism Containment Policy —prevent the spread of comm. Marshall Plan — aid to European countries to rebuild NATO/Collective Security — US /Western Allies Domino Theory — fear of spread of Comm /Vietnam Eisenhower Doctrine — Middle East/ Warsaw Pact— Soviet response to NATO Satellite Nations — eastern European countries part of USSR/ Poland Iron Curtain —imaginary line btwn free and communist/Churchill Berlin Wall —wall built to divide city between free & soviet 16

21. Why was this a Turning Point? Space Race— sputnik Education Priorities— math/science Moon-Landing—1969 Arms Race—atomic weapons Red-Scare—fear of Comm. HUAC—house of un-amer. Act. Comm Joseph McCarthy— McCath Rosenberg Trials— spys Venona Papers—confirmed spys Détente—relax tensions/nixon Star Wars—Reagan/ Presidents’ Views? Truman— containment Eisenhower— domino theory Kennedy— flexible response Johnson— domino theory Nixon— détente/normalization Ford— détente Carter— negotiation/human rights Reagan— Regan Doctrine Bush— End of the Cold War Europe Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift aid to city Berlin Wall SOVIET UNION Sputnik—1957 TURNING POINT! Ignites Space Race Arms Race – a-bombs Breakup of U.S.S.R.- 1990’s China Mao Zedong — What happened in 1949? Korea Korean War  Reasons:  Outcomes: China Mao Zedong –communists revolution Korea- reasons- containment Outcome- 39 th parallel/ same as before the war Korean War Reasons: Outcomes: Vietnam— Domino Theory— fear that ones goes more will follow Gulf of Tonkin Resolution— blank check to LBJ Escalation/combat— LBJ sends more soldiers Roy Benavidez—Mex-Amer. Medal of Honor winner Tet Offensive— major Vietcong Offensive/throughout VN Anti-War Movement—protesting war Vietnamization— Nixon’s plan to end war in VN Fall of Saigon— communists takeover after US withdraw War Powers Resolution—limits Pres. Actions in war CUBA Fidel Castro—Which form of government? - communists Bay of Pigs Invasion—Why? – overthrow Castro/unsuccessful Cuban Missile Crisis—What happened? -russia placing missiles in Cuba/ Kennedy forces them out 17

22. Why was this a Turning Point? Baby Boom — increase in population What was the impact? Housing, transportation, schools, hospitals Transportation— Interstate Highway Act- connected nation, IKE Migration -suburbs Business Growth — Franchises (McDonalds) Communication (TV) - ads Science — Polio & Measles vaccine- Jonas Salk Advances in surgery Pop Culture— rock & roll Increased consumption/spending Economic prosperity More leisure time Non-Conformist Ideas GI Bill/Servicemen’s Readjustment Act provided— Low cost mortgages Money for college What impact did this have? need for housing, suburbs, Religious resurgence— ”E Pluribus Unum” motto meaning—out of many comes one—became official in 1956 “In God We Trust” national motto adopted in 1956 Growth of churches Fear of Communism Beat Generation Jack Kerouac Rebelled against conformity 1950 Housing Boom Growth of the suburbs__ Levittown

23. Why was this a Turning Point? Legislation/Landmark Court Cases Civil War Amendments:  13 th —abolish slavery  14 th —citizenship  15 th —voting for African-American Males Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) —separate is equal Mendez v. Westminster (1947) —segregation of children of groups illegal Executive Order 9981, (1948) — Truman integrates military Delgado v. Bastrop I.S.D. (1948) — segregation of Mex-Amer. Children illegal Sweatt v. Painter (1950) — UT Law school must admitt African-American Legislation (cont.) Hernandez v. Texas (1954) —Mex-Amer entitled to 14 th amendment Brown v. Board of Education (1954) —separate was not equal Civil Rights Act of 1957 —Civil Rights Comm. –Federal Courts could register Afri-Amer to vote, Civil Rights Division of Justice Dept. Civil Rights Act of 1964 —prohibited discrimination based on race, gender in public accommadations 24 th Amendment — (prohibited poll taxes in federal elections) barriers to voting eliminated 1965 Voting Rights Act —eliminated literacy tests, led to increase in Afri-Amer voting Affirmative Action (1965) —take positive steps to increase number of minorities in work place, colleges, recruit minority applicants Edgewood v. Kirby – equal funding for all students in Texas, rich areas and poor areas Founding of NAACP (1909)—W.E.B. DuBois — National Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored People Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)— 15 month long boycott led by MLK, Rosa Parks – successful Little Rock Nine (1957) —Ike sent National guard to escort students to class Sit-Ins (1960-61) —student led movement to integrate public facilities Selma March- march to capital of Alabama for voting rights Freedom Rides (1961)—intigrate interstate bus terminals, violent, many arrested James Meredith (`1962)—Univ. of Miss student violence, JFK sent Nat. guard to restore order Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)-famous MLK letter, explaining to many that the time for waiting was over March on Washington (1963) —force the Fed. To take a stand at the national level, led to Civil Rights act of 64; famous “I Have a Dream “ speech

24. Why was this a Turning Point? Civil Rights Movement INSTRUCTIONS: Review the different approaches and leadership of various reform efforts by completing the organizer African AmericansWomenHispanic AmericansAmerican Indian Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Disobedience — SCLC/SNCC disobey unjust laws Montgomery Bus Boycott March on Washington Selma March Influenced by — Gandhi Gathered widespread support by — using non- violence Famous Quotes/Speeches ”I Have A Dream” Letter from Birmingham Turning Point — o Assassinated 1968- Memphis, Tenn. Malcolm X Views — segregation of races, ’any means necessary’ Influenced by — Muslim Nation of Islam Assassinated 1965- Rival Nation of Islam members Black Panthers Views — Militant Black Power Community –based political organization— Leaders— Stocky Carmichael Huey Newton Bobby Seale Betty Friedan wrote — Feminine Mystique__ National Organization for Women (NOW) – chief voice of Women’s Movement Gloria Steinam — Ms Magazine Roe v. Wade (1973) legalized — abortion__ Equal Pay Act — women same pay as men for same job Title IX (1972) — banned sex discrimination in education Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta led the United — Farm Workers_______ (UFW) o Boycotts -target consumers Hector P. Garcia started GI Forum for — Latin-American____ rights. LULAC —League of United Latin American Citizens La Raza Unida — United Race Party MAYO-Mexican American Youth OrganizationMexican American Youth Organization Chicano Mural Movement —pride in Mex. Amer. Heritage, culture American Indian Movement (AIM) — -temporarily occupied government buildings at;  Alcatraz  Wounded Knee Introduced term Native American and brought attention to discrimination and bias ****RED POWER*****

25. Domestic Program War on poverty Programs created to give economic opportunity —Medicare/Medicaid helped the elderly and poor access health care —Head Start/Child Nutrition Act Programs were costly/expanded role of government Miranda v. Arizona Immigration Act of 1965 DOVES HAWKS Credibility gap — lost faith in govern. reliability Pentagon Papers —leaked to media proves gov. lied about war Draft —young men sent to fight, many protested, Canada burn draft cards as protest 26 t h Amendment — 18 years old could vote “old enough to die old enough to vote” Role of the media —watched war on TV, including questionalbe things, influenced opinion of the war Silent Majority- Nixon claimed most Americans were in favor of war Some adopted attitude of rebellion Challenged materialism and the “establishment” Youth Culture Led to — anti-war movement New lifestyles — communes, hippies New fashion Use of illegal drugs Music 21 Anti-War Movement Great Society

26. Brought renewed hope Peace Corps “Ask not what your _country_ can do for you, but what you can do for your ___country_.” New Frontier Space Race —U.S. on Moon Promoted space program Improved lives as a result —Advances in technology —Communication —New products —GPS

27. Report Card on the 1970s Presidents PresidentDescribe the topic or eventGive them a Grade Example: Nixon-R Détente Nixon’s foreign policy to relax Cold War tension with the Soviet Union and China through diplomacy A Nixon Normalization in Relations with China 1 st president to visit china after revolution of 1948;increase trade Nixon First Amendment Rights Tinker v. Des Monies (1968) —students allowed to wear arm bands as a protest of war Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) —freedom of religion, amish children not required to attend public school after 8 th grade Nixon Environmental Protection Act (EPA) & Endangered Species Act Protection of the environment Nixon Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Phyllis Schlafly – conservative opposed ERA, reduce rights of women; failed to pass, extended, failed Nixon War Powers Act Limit the power of the President in any conflict without a formal declaration of war Nixon Fall of Saigon communists took control of South Vietnam, reunifying all of Vietnam under communists control Nixon Watergate Scandal President Nixon was found to be involved in covering up for members of his staff for criminal activity; led to impeachment vote, resignation of Nixon Ford-R Pardon of Nixon Raised tremendous controversy when President Ford granted Nixon a full and complete pardon Carter-D Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – imposed embargo on US, led to energy crisis, prices skyrocketed - stagflation Department of Energy - Cabinet level position created by Carter in response to the energy crisis Carter Community Reinvestment Act Require banks to make credit available in poor communities Carter Panama Canal Treaty Turn over control of the canal to Panama by the end of the century Carter Camp David Accords peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, ending 30 yrs of fighting Carter Iran Hostage Crisis Iranian students seized US embassy and held them hostage for over a year 22

28. Republican (1981-1989) Supported by social conservatives —Phyllis Schlafly, led opposition to ERA Won using conservative ideas (remember Goldwater 1964) and optimism What was Reaganomics? supply-side economics cut taxes to business, wealth What was “Peace through Strength”? -Star wars – “Let he who desires peace prepare for war” How was the U.S. involved in the Iran-Contra Affair? sold weapons to Iran for release of Hostages. Money sent to rebels in Nicaragua Why were U.S. Marines in Lebanon? International peace-keeping force, attacked by suicide bomber 241 American Marines killed Appointed Sandra Day O’Connor first woman to U.S. Supreme Court (1981) Ronald ReaganGeorge Bush Republican (1989-1993)  What is significant about the Americans with Disabilities Act? prohibited discrimination of people with disabilities in employment  What signifies the end of the Cold War? eastern European countries moved away from Communism, Berlin Wall comes down, o When? 1991 Why did the U.S. get involved in the Persian Gulf War? Iraq invaded Kuwait, greatest foreign policy achievement  People moving from Rust Belt region to the Sunbelt region  People moved from industrial Mid-west to Southwest for jobs Moral Majority  Conservative lobby group  Formed by television evangelist Jerry Falwell  Opposed ERA Heritage Foundation  Conservative think tank  Promoted free enterprise, civil rights, limited government and strong national defense National Rifle Association After assassinations in the 1960s the Gun Control Act of 1968 NRA became more active and was a conservative political group supporting 2 nd Amendment Rights mendment rights.

29. Bill Clinton 1993-2001 George W. Bush 2001-2009 Barack Obama 2009-2017 Economic Issues  Attempted health care reform with Hillary Clinton leading task force – did not pass Congress  Supported welfare reform, lower taxes, and stricter crime prevention measures  GATT — Changed to World Trade Organization  NAFTA— impacted trade in_N. America_ Financial Crisis of 2008 led to—  Home foreclosures  Fear of financial failures  Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (2008) gave billions of dollars to prevent banks and businesses from failing  American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 gave economic stimulus – create new jobs, 700 billion, save auto industry  Banking and credit reform – regulate credit cards, banks Political Issues  Ross Perot —3 rd party candidates can impact elections  Contract with America was supported by __Republicans___ proposed by Newt Gengrich, Republican Speaker of the House  Balkan Crisis  2000 Election — what was unique? Gore won pop. Vote – lost election – Supreme Court ruled no recount- Bush wins  2001 Terrorist Attack — Turning Point 9/11 - Homeland Security, TSA  U.S. Patriot Act created to— conduct sweeping searches, monitor activity —Iraq – Remove Saddam Hussein —Afghanistan- search for bin Laden  2008 Election Turning Point – First African American President – social media, grassroots,  Affordable Care Act – health care for all, attempted by every Democratic Pres. Since 1940’s Appointed _Sonia Sotomayor_ 1 st Hispanic American to U.S. Supreme Court Social Issues  Scandal led to impeachment (formal accusation) by the House of Representatives__________  ____Senate__ vote did not remove the president  No Child Left Behind was created to —Make schools accountable for teaching all students Hurricane Katrina caused by natural disaster and human factors (levee failure, delayed rescue) – Bush criticized for delayed reaction, led to many people deaths  Appointed— Hillary Clinton _as Secretary of State  Influence of Oprah Winfrey – star power, $$$$$$$$, 24

30. Technological Innovation How have these improved business and American’s standard of living? Satellites— orbit the earth send signals – space junk, pictures Cell phones— instant info and connection, issues? ------ Personal computers— manage info, save info, reduce work load, Robotics— aid in manufacturing, reduce employment Just-in-time inventory management— parts arrive at the precise time in the manufacturing process Information technology— increase in production, high tech jobs Genetic engineering— thousands of diseases such as cancer may be cured Time-Study Analysis- how long to perform a task, help manage workers and production Business Marketplace How does free enterprise impact the creation of discoveries in the U.S.? powerful incentive to meet consumer demands, free to produce and choose products What contribution have these entrepreneurs made to the United States? Bill Gates— Microsoft Sam Walton— Wal-Mart Esteé Lauder— cosmetics Lionel Sosa—Hispanic owned ad agency Robert Johnson— BET Oprah Winfrey— influence public opinion, philanthropy 25 Globalization How have these encouraged globalization? Internet— world wide linking of computers, e-commerce, doing business on computer Growth of multi-national corporations— multi-national corps. Can move production to other places to avoid taxes and regs. Energy needs—rising population has led to greater need for energy, nuclear, solar, hydro, Dangers of explosions, storms, leaks, global warming acid rain, ozone layer American culture— energy conservation, environmental issues

31. Gilded Age Industrialization/Child Labor Urbanization/How the other half lives Immigration/Nativism Westward Expansion/Manifest Destiny Americanization/ Assimilation Imperialism/Panama Canal/TR 20’s/Flappers Stock Market Crash/ Depression

32. Spanish American War WW I Progressive Era Depression 30’sNew Deal/ 3R’s WW II Arms Race/Cold War Baby Boom/ SuburbsRosa Parks/Montgomery Bus Boycott

33. Space Race/1969 Sputnik 1957MLK/Assassinated 1968 Cesar Chavez United Farm Workers Anti-War Movement 70’s Watergate/Lack of Confidence in Gov’t 1991 – Fall of Communism 9/11/2001 Election 2008

34. Practice EOC 99 – 168-22 97-266-23 96-365-24 94-463-25 93-562-26 91-660-27 90-759-28 88-857-29 87-956-30 85-10 84-11 82-12 81-13 79-14 78-15 76-16 75-17 74-18 72-19 71-20 69-21