1. Genetic Disorders Illness that is caused by changes to a persons genetic material – To a single gene that affects protein production (cystic fibrosis) – Increase or decrease in number of chromosomes (down syndrome) – Multiple changes to one or more genes caused from environmental factors (cancer)

2. Mutation A random change in the DNA Uncontrolled cell division happens in one of two ways: – A checkpoint gene which prevents the cell from dividing is damaged or switched off – A gene which says ‘ok now divide’ is switched on (expressed) permanently

3. Cancer: A SERIES of Gene changes Uncontrolled growth and division of cells Failure in the cell cycle

4. Causes in DNA Damage Carcinogens – Environmental factors that increase the risk of cancer Include – Tobacco smoke – Lung cancer – Radiation (x-rays, uv rays), tanning beds – Organic solvents – Hodgkins disease – Viruses – HPV virus – Cervical cancer – Hepatitis B – Liver cancer

5. Nondisjunction Increase or decrease in number of chromosomes during meiosis – Both autosomal and sex chromosomes Gametes are affected Happens during anaphase I & II

6. Biotechnology Artificial Insemination – Sperm is collected and concentrated before being placed in woman’s uterus In Vitro Fertilization – Eggs from mom are retrieved and combined with sperm in petri dish – After fertilization, zygote is placed in woman’s uterus

7. Genetic Testing Determining if your baby carries a gene that is associated with an increased risk of developing a disease

8. Aminocentesis Benefits – Diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities – Diagnosis of other defects Risks – Discomfort for expectant mother – Slight risk of infection – Miscarriage

9. Chorionic Villus Sampling Benefits – Diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities – Diagnosis of certain genetic defects Risks – Miscarriage – Infection – Newborn having limb defects

10. Stem Cell – an undifferentiated cell that can divide to form specialized cells Embryonic Stem Cells – differentiate into any kind of cell Muscle Cell Skin Cell Nerve Cell Heart Cell Tissue Stem Cells (Adult Stem Cells) – exist within specialized tissue, differentiate into certain types of cell s Bone Marrow Stem Cells

11. Cord Blood Banking Blood (stem cells) found in umbilical cord after birth Similar to tissue stem cells Develop into various blood cells These stem cells could be banked (stored) Used to treat variety of diseases

12. Gene Therapy Experimental treatment to cure genetic disorders Insert healthy genes into cells of tissues that are affected by a disorder

14. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JTw2RpDo9o&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOXJaIvRltM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czzCmgr0IgQ&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOXJaIvRltM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiQfGBOoMPM&feature=fvst http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9wIxe4WGFg&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-Rj_rvBLZ0&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FaGf0h20Vw