1. Practical Strategies for Power-Efficient Computing Technologies Karim Al-Sheraidah December 8 th 2011

2. 2 Overview  Survey of Power reduction techniques  ~8x improvement in power efficiency  No performance lose  Voltage Scaling  Optimum VDD = 0.5 V  IBM Blue Gene system

3. 3 Introduction  The Regime of interest

4. 4 Introduction cont… P active = C eff V 2 ƒ + I leak V C eff is V dependent  C eff V 2 ∞ V 2.5 ƒ is linearly V dependent  ƒ = α(V – V 0 ) V 0 ≈ 0.25 V P active = αC eff V 2 (V – V 0 ) + I leak V ∞ V 3

5. 5 The Case for Voltage Scaling Departing from scaling theory

6. 6 The Case for Voltage Scaling Optimum VDD = 0.5 v

7. 7 The Case for Voltage Scaling cont… Optimum VDD = 0.5 v

8. 8 Enablement (1) Operating Margin improvement

9. 9 Enablement (2) Low variability devices ET-SOI Fin-FET

10. 10 Enablement (3) Digital Noise Resistive:dV R /V DD = IR/V DD ∞ ( V DD – V T ) 1.5 /V DD Capacitive:dV C /V DD = [C agg V DD /(C agg + C vic )]/V DD = C agg /(C agg + C vic ) Inductive:dV L /V DD = [ L ∂I/∂t ]/V DD ∞ (L I)/(V DD ҭ ) ∞ (V DD – V 0 )( V DD – V T ) 1.5 /V DD

11. 11 Enablement (4) On-Chip Power System

12. 12 Case study (IBM Blue Gene) - Top500 HPC from 2004 to 2007 - Operating at 850MHz - Performance of up to 13.9Tflop - 4096 parallel processor cores - Three chip voltage bins

13. 13 Conclusion - Power efficiency through voltage scaling. - Optimum V DD = 0.5 v. - lowering of variability. - Increasing margin. - Massive parallelism. - High integration.