1. Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology

2. Vowels articulated with a relatively free air passage, without a significant narrowing or an obstacle in the vocal tract articulated with a relatively free air passage, without a significant narrowing or an obstacle in the vocal tract without audible friction without audible friction their articulation is accompanied by the vibration of the vocal cords their articulation is accompanied by the vibration of the vocal cords the differences in the shape of the mouth caused by different positions of the tongue and the lips the differences in the shape of the mouth caused by different positions of the tongue and the lips

3. easy to see the differences in the shape of the lips, but very difficult to see and explain how the tongue is positioned differently easy to see the differences in the shape of the lips, but very difficult to see and explain how the tongue is positioned differently Vowels must be learnt by listening and imitating Vowels must be learnt by listening and imitating there are 20 English vowels, there are 5 Serbian vowels – very important to learn how to increase the number of the positions of the tongue and articulate these differences to the best of our ability there are 20 English vowels, there are 5 Serbian vowels – very important to learn how to increase the number of the positions of the tongue and articulate these differences to the best of our ability

4. DEFINITION: DEFINITION: a voiced sound in forming which the air issues in a continuous stream through the pharynx and mouth, there being no obstruction and no narrowing such as would cause audible friction a voiced sound in forming which the air issues in a continuous stream through the pharynx and mouth, there being no obstruction and no narrowing such as would cause audible friction there is no place of articulation for vowels, so the description of vowels in done in a different way there is no place of articulation for vowels, so the description of vowels in done in a different way the tongue is the most important speech organ in the articulation of vowels, so vowels are primarily described by the position of the tongue the tongue is the most important speech organ in the articulation of vowels, so vowels are primarily described by the position of the tongue

5. TONGUE The area of our vocal tract in which vowels are produced is commonly referred to as the vowel space: the part of the vocal tract lying just below the palato-velar zone of articulation The area of our vocal tract in which vowels are produced is commonly referred to as the vowel space: the part of the vocal tract lying just below the palato-velar zone of articulation

9. the body of the tongue is just raised towards the palate to some degree, never coming too close or touching it the body of the tongue is just raised towards the palate to some degree, never coming too close or touching it because of this, it is very difficult to describe the exact articulatory position the tongue assumes during the production of a vowel because of this, it is very difficult to describe the exact articulatory position the tongue assumes during the production of a vowel it is customary to 'capture' the position of the tongue in a two-dimensional ‘net’ or ‘grid’: vowel space is regarded as a two-dimensional coordinate system, defined by two parameters it is customary to 'capture' the position of the tongue in a two-dimensional ‘net’ or ‘grid’: vowel space is regarded as a two-dimensional coordinate system, defined by two parameters

10. the horizontal dimension - we specify which part of the tongue body is raised to the highest point the horizontal dimension - we specify which part of the tongue body is raised to the highest point the vertical dimension - we specify how high that part of the tongue is raised: the degree of raising. the vertical dimension - we specify how high that part of the tongue is raised: the degree of raising. THIS WE REPRESENT GRAPHICALLY by means of a stylised and simplified rectangular shape THIS WE REPRESENT GRAPHICALLY by means of a stylised and simplified rectangular shape

12. Part of the tongue: a three-way distinction - front vowels, central vowels, back vowels Part of the tongue: a three-way distinction - front vowels, central vowels, back vowels Degree of raising: four categories: open, half- open, half-close and close Degree of raising: four categories: open, half- open, half-close and close BUT these terms actually describe the width of the air passage, and not the position of the tongue! BUT these terms actually describe the width of the air passage, and not the position of the tongue! MOST RECENT: open, open-mid, close-mid and close MOST RECENT: open, open-mid, close-mid and close another important aspect: vowel duration - phonetic, physical property - the amount of time necessary to complete the articulation of the segment another important aspect: vowel duration - phonetic, physical property - the amount of time necessary to complete the articulation of the segment

13. the ‘manner’ of articulation for vowels different from the manner of articulation for consonants the ‘manner’ of articulation for vowels different from the manner of articulation for consonants 'simple' or 'pure' vowels - the resonator has a particular, typical shape throughout the production 'simple' or 'pure' vowels - the resonator has a particular, typical shape throughout the production we put our articulators in a certain position and keep this position for some time - a relatively steady period of vowel production we put our articulators in a certain position and keep this position for some time - a relatively steady period of vowel production simple vowels or monophthongs simple vowels or monophthongs

14. a whole set of long vowels which are not simple or stable in this respect a whole set of long vowels which are not simple or stable in this respect during their production there is an observable and significant glide from one articulatory position to another during their production there is an observable and significant glide from one articulatory position to another the glide occupies the central portion of the vowel the glide occupies the central portion of the vowel diphthongs or glides diphthongs or glides a diphthong can be said to have two vowel targets, joined together by the glide a diphthong can be said to have two vowel targets, joined together by the glide

15. TENSE vs. LAX VOWELS some vowels might share the same features for tongue height, tongue highest point, and lip rounding (e.g. /i/ as in heat and /I/ as in hit - both front high unrounded vowels) such pairs of vowels are usually distinguished by a tense vs. lax feature: /i/ is produced with greater vocal tract constriction than /I/ /i/ is a tense vowel, whereas /I/ is a lax vowel tense vowels are also longer

16. LIP ROUNDING vowels are also distinguished according to the shape of the lips while producing them e.g. /u/ as in moon is produced with rounded lips, whereas /  / as in man is an unrounded vowel

18. SERBIAN vs. ENGLISH VOWELS all the pure vowels of English and Serbian are different all the pure vowels of English and Serbian are different even the pronunciation of those vowels which are commonly regarded as ‘the same’ in Serbian and English can be problematic for Serbian students even the pronunciation of those vowels which are commonly regarded as ‘the same’ in Serbian and English can be problematic for Serbian students what we need to do when acquiring the vowel system of English is completely re-structure the whole vowel space in both perceptual and articulatory terms what we need to do when acquiring the vowel system of English is completely re-structure the whole vowel space in both perceptual and articulatory terms we have to learn how to use a whole new system of categories when speaking English and listening to English speech we have to learn how to use a whole new system of categories when speaking English and listening to English speech

19. English monophthongs /  / /  / pronounced with a part of the tongue nearer to the centre than to the front, raised just above the close-mid position pronounced with a part of the tongue nearer to the centre than to the front, raised just above the close-mid position the lips are loosely spread, the tongue is lax, with the side rims making slight contact with the upper molars the lips are loosely spread, the tongue is lax, with the side rims making slight contact with the upper molars spelling patterns: i hit, y cyst, cylinder, city (NB also ie cities), e exchange, English; also: women, busy, building spelling patterns: i hit, y cyst, cylinder, city (NB also ie cities), e exchange, English; also: women, busy, building

20. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Type of articulationVowel Type of articulationVowel Manner of articulationMonophthong Manner of articulationMonophthong Part of the tongue Front to central Part of the tongue Front to central Degree of raising Above close-mid Degree of raising Above close-mid Lip positionSlightly spread to neutral Lip positionSlightly spread to neutral Degree of tenseness Lax Degree of tenseness Lax LengthShort LengthShort

21. /i:/ /i:/ the front of the tongue is raised to a height slightly below and behind the front close position the front of the tongue is raised to a height slightly below and behind the front close position the lips are spread the lips are spread the tongue is tense, with the side rims making a firm contact with the upper molars the tongue is tense, with the side rims making a firm contact with the upper molars spelling patterns: ee see, ea sea, cease, ie piece, ei seize, eo people, ey key, e these, i police, uay quay spelling patterns: ee see, ea sea, cease, ie piece, ei seize, eo people, ey key, e these, i police, uay quay

22. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Type of articulationVowel Type of articulationVowel Manner of articulationMonophthong Manner of articulationMonophthong Part of the tongue Front Part of the tongue Front Degree of raising Close Degree of raising Close Lip positionSpread Lip positionSpread Degree of tenseness Tense Degree of tenseness Tense LengthLong LengthLong

23. /e/ /e/ the front of the tongue is raised between the close-mid and open-mid positions the front of the tongue is raised between the close-mid and open-mid positions the lips are loosely spread and are slightly wider apart than for /  / the lips are loosely spread and are slightly wider apart than for /  / the tongue may have more tension than in the case of /  /, the side rims making a light contact with the upper molars the tongue may have more tension than in the case of /  /, the side rims making a light contact with the upper molars spelling patterns: e tell, bet, ea spread, a any, many, ALSO: friend, said, bury spelling patterns: e tell, bet, ea spread, a any, many, ALSO: friend, said, bury

24. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Type of articulationVowel Type of articulationVowel Manner of articulationMonophthong Manner of articulationMonophthong Part of the tongue Front Part of the tongue Front Degree of raising Open-mid to close- mid Degree of raising Open-mid to close- mid Lip positionNeutral (or only slightly spread) Lip positionNeutral (or only slightly spread) Degree of tenseness Lax Degree of tenseness Lax LengthShort LengthShort

25. /æ/ /æ/ the mouth is slighly more open than for /e/ the mouth is slighly more open than for /e/ the front of the tongue is raised to a position midway between open and open-mid, with the side rims making a very slight contact with the back upper molars the front of the tongue is raised to a position midway between open and open-mid, with the side rims making a very slight contact with the back upper molars the lips are neutrally open the lips are neutrally open the tongue itself has more tension than for /e/ the tongue itself has more tension than for /e/ SPELLING PATTERNS: a bad, mad, stamp, pack, ai plait SPELLING PATTERNS: a bad, mad, stamp, pack, ai plait

26. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Type of articulationVowel Type of articulationVowel Manner of articulationMonophthong Manner of articulationMonophthong Part of the tongue Front Part of the tongue Front Degree of raising Open to open--mid Degree of raising Open to open--mid Lip positionNeutral Lip positionNeutral Degree of tenseness Tense Degree of tenseness Tense LengthShort LengthShort

27. / ʌ / / ʌ / articulated with a considerable separation of the jaws and with the lips neutrally open articulated with a considerable separation of the jaws and with the lips neutrally open the centre of the tongue is raised just above the fully open position the centre of the tongue is raised just above the fully open position there is no contact between the tongue and the upper molars there is no contact between the tongue and the upper molars spelling patterns: u sun, sudden, o son, London, oo blood, ou enough, also: does spelling patterns: u sun, sudden, o son, London, oo blood, ou enough, also: does

28. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Type of articulationVowel Type of articulationVowel Manner of articulationMonophthong Manner of articulationMonophthong Part of the tongue Central Part of the tongue Central Degree of raising Open to open--mid Degree of raising Open to open--mid Lip positionNeutral Lip positionNeutral Degree of tenseness Lax Degree of tenseness Lax LengthShort LengthShort

29. / ɑ :/ / ɑ :/ this normally long vowel is articulated with a considerable separation of the jaws and the lips neutrally open this normally long vowel is articulated with a considerable separation of the jaws and the lips neutrally open a part of the tongue between the centre and back is in fully open position a part of the tongue between the centre and back is in fully open position no contact is made between the tongue and the upper molars no contact is made between the tongue and the upper molars spelling patterns: a grass, ear heart, au laugh spelling patterns: a grass, ear heart, au laugh NB a, e + r, l car, calm, clerk, park NB a, e + r, l car, calm, clerk, park

30. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Type of articulationVowel Type of articulationVowel Manner of articulationMonophthong Manner of articulationMonophthong Part of the tongue Back Part of the tongue Back Degree of raising Open Degree of raising Open Lip positionNeutral Lip positionNeutral Degree of tenseness Lax Degree of tenseness Lax LengthLong LengthLong

31. /  / /  / this short vowel is articulated with wide open jaws and slight, open lip-rounding this short vowel is articulated with wide open jaws and slight, open lip-rounding the back of the tongue is in the fully open position, there is no contact between the tongue and the upper molars the back of the tongue is in the fully open position, there is no contact between the tongue and the upper molars spelling patterns: o hot, a wander, watch, ou cough, NB knowledge spelling patterns: o hot, a wander, watch, ou cough, NB knowledge

32. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Type of articulationVowel Type of articulationVowel Manner of articulationMonophthong Manner of articulationMonophthong Part of the tongue Back Part of the tongue Back Degree of raising Open (just above) Degree of raising Open (just above) Lip positionSlightly rounded Lip positionSlightly rounded Degree of tenseness Lax Degree of tenseness Lax LengthShort LengthShort

33. /  :/ /  :/ this relatively long vowel is articulated with medium lip rounding this relatively long vowel is articulated with medium lip rounding the back of the tongue is raised between the open-mid and close-mid positions the back of the tongue is raised between the open-mid and close-mid positions there is no contact between the tongue and the upper molars there is no contact between the tongue and the upper molars spelling patterns: a war, talk, aw saw, o(o)r corn, door, oa board, ou thought, au taught NB four, broad spelling patterns: a war, talk, aw saw, o(o)r corn, door, oa board, ou thought, au taught NB four, broad

34. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Type of articulationVowel Type of articulationVowel Manner of articulationMonophthong Manner of articulationMonophthong Part of the tongue Back Part of the tongue Back Degree of raising Open-mid to close- mid Degree of raising Open-mid to close- mid Lip positionRounded Lip positionRounded Degree of tenseness Lax Degree of tenseness Lax LengthLong LengthLong

35. /  / /  / this short vowel is pronounced with a part of the tongue nearer to the centre than to the back raised just above the close-mid position this short vowel is pronounced with a part of the tongue nearer to the centre than to the back raised just above the close-mid position the tongue is laxly held the tongue is laxly held there is no firm contact between the tongue and the upper molars there is no firm contact between the tongue and the upper molars the lips are closely but loosely rounded the lips are closely but loosely rounded spelling patterns: u put, oo wood, o wolf, ou could, NB woman spelling patterns: u put, oo wood, o wolf, ou could, NB woman

36. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Type of articulationVowel Type of articulationVowel Manner of articulationMonophthong Manner of articulationMonophthong Part of the tongue Central to back Part of the tongue Central to back Degree of raising Just above the close- mid Degree of raising Just above the close- mid Lip positionLoosely rounded Lip positionLoosely rounded Degree of tenseness Lax Degree of tenseness Lax LengthShort LengthShort

37. /u:/ /u:/ this long vowel is a close bacl vowel, but the tongue-raising is relaxed from the closest position and is somewhat centralized from the true back this long vowel is a close bacl vowel, but the tongue-raising is relaxed from the closest position and is somewhat centralized from the true back there is no firm contact between the tongue and the upper molars there is no firm contact between the tongue and the upper molars the lips tend to be closely rounded the lips tend to be closely rounded spelling patterns: oo food, o move, ou through, u rude, NB blue, chew, shoe spelling patterns: oo food, o move, ou through, u rude, NB blue, chew, shoe

38. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Type of articulationVowel Type of articulationVowel Manner of articulationMonophthong Manner of articulationMonophthong Part of the tongue Back Part of the tongue Back Degree of raising Close Degree of raising Close Lip positionClosely rounded Lip positionClosely rounded Degree of tenseness Tense Degree of tenseness Tense LengthLong LengthLong

39. /  :/ /  :/ this vowel is articulated with the centre of the tongue raised between close-mid and open-mid this vowel is articulated with the centre of the tongue raised between close-mid and open-mid there is no firm contact between the tongue and the upper molars there is no firm contact between the tongue and the upper molars the lips are neutrally spread the lips are neutrally spread spelling patterns: NB various vowel-letters + r - bird, work, earth, fern, journey, spur, serve, turn spelling patterns: NB various vowel-letters + r - bird, work, earth, fern, journey, spur, serve, turn

40. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Type of articulationVowel Type of articulationVowel Manner of articulationMonophthong Manner of articulationMonophthong Part of the tongue Central Part of the tongue Central Degree of raising Open-mid to close- mid Degree of raising Open-mid to close- mid Lip positionNeutral Lip positionNeutral Degree of tenseness Lax Degree of tenseness Lax LengthLong LengthLong

41. /  / /  / this vowel has a very high frequency of occurrence in unaccented syllables this vowel has a very high frequency of occurrence in unaccented syllables central vowel with neutral lip position central vowel with neutral lip position in non-final position the tongue is raised between open-mid and close-mid in non-final position the tongue is raised between open-mid and close-mid when the vowel is close to velar consonants /k, g,  /, the tongue may be slightly more raised and retracted when the vowel is close to velar consonants /k, g,  /, the tongue may be slightly more raised and retracted in final positions the vowel may be articulated in the open-mid central position (similar to /  /) in final positions the vowel may be articulated in the open-mid central position (similar to /  /)

42. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Type of articulationVowel Type of articulationVowel Manner of articulationMonophthong Manner of articulationMonophthong Part of the tongue Central Part of the tongue Central Degree of raising Open-mid allophone/ close-mid allophone Degree of raising Open-mid allophone/ close-mid allophone Lip positionNeutral Lip positionNeutral Degree of tenseness Lax Degree of tenseness Lax LengthShort LengthShort SPELLING PATTERNS: NB practically any vowel letter - policeman, policemen, support, arrange, quicker, famous, cupboard… SPELLING PATTERNS: NB practically any vowel letter - policeman, policemen, support, arrange, quicker, famous, cupboard…