1. Biotechnology

4. ~~ Marriage of biology & technology ~~ Biotechnology used in industry –Genetic Engineering –Gene Therapy –Stem Cells / Stem Cell Transplant –Genetically Modified Organisms food = plants / animals

5. Another definition of biotechnology … “The deliberate manipulation of DNA molecules to produce commercial products from living organisms.“ –Scientists are learning how to transfer genes from one animal, plant, or other organism into another

6. Importance to you …? Food / Crop yield Medicine / Health Issues Disease / illness – transplants Vaccines Livestock Law Enforcement (DNA Fingerprinting) Bioremediation

7. Mouse: Mus musculus

8. LE 21-3 Fertilized egg of a frogTadpole hatching from egg Fertilized frog eggs: one week

9. Restriction enzymes: DNA Scissors RestrictionRestrictionRestriction

10. Microarray – Gene Chip Can determine thousands of different genes at one time

11. LE 20-8 Cathode Power source Anode Mixture of DNA molecules of differ- ent sizes Gel Glass plates Longer molecules Shorter molecules

12. Human Gene Therapy Gene therapy is changing / putting in “good” genes Gene therapy works best when disease is caused by only one defective gene Vectors (viruses) are used for delivery of genes into cells

13. LE 20-16 Cloned gene Retrovirus capsid Bone marrow cell from patient Inject engineered cells into patient. Insert RNA version of normal allele into retrovirus. Viral RNA Let retrovirus infect bone marrow cells that have been removed from the patient and cultured. Viral DNA carrying the normal allele inserts into chromosome. Bone marrow

14. Forensic Evidence DNA “fingerprints” from samples of body fluids or tissue can provide evidence in criminal and paternity cases A DNA fingerprint is a specific pattern of bands

15. LE 20-17 Defendant’s blood (D) Blood from defendant’s clothes Victim’s blood (V)

16. Environmental Cleanup ”Bioremediation” Genetic engineering can be used to design bacteria to clean up oil spills Some bacteria can be used to degrade potentially toxic waste materials

17. Agricultural Applications DNA technology is being used to improve agricultural productivity and food quality

18. Animal Husbandry and “Pharm” Animals Transgenic organisms are made by introducing genes from one organism into the genome of another organism Pharmaceutical “factories,” producers of antibiotics

20. Safety and Ethical Questions Raised by DNA Technology Potential benefits of genetic engineering must be weighed against potential hazards of creating harmful products or procedures Most public concern is about: –genetically modified (GM) organisms

21. Reproductive Cloning of Mammals In 1997, Scotland – Dolly was the first mammal cloned (a lamb) –from a differentiated mammary cell Dolly’s premature death in 2003, as well as her arthritis, led to speculation that her cells were “older” than those of a normal sheep

22. LE 21-7 Mammary cell donor Egg cell donor Egg cell from ovary Nucleus removed Cells fused Cultured mammary cells are semistarved, arresting the cell cycle and causing dedifferentiation Nucleus from mammary cell Early embryo Grown in culture Implanted in uterus of a third sheep Surrogate mother Embryonic development Lamb (“Dolly”) genetically identical to mammary cell donor

23. Since 1997, cloning has been demonstrated in many mammals, including: –Mice –Cats –Cows –Horses –Pigs “Copy Cat” was the first cat cloned Cloning

24. “Copy Cat”

25. The Stem Cells of Animals A stem cell is an unspecialized (undifferentiated) cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of several types

26. LE 21-9 Embryonic stem cellsAdult stem cells Pluripotent cells Totipotent cells Cultured stem cells Different culture conditions Different types of differentiated cells Liver cellsNerve cellsBlood cells

27. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

28. Human Genome Project 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the NIH GOALS: –identify the 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA –determine the sequences of the 3 billion base pairs –address the ethical, legal, and social issues that may arise from the project.

30. EPIGENETICS You are more than your DNA

32. University of Utah http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epig enetics/intro/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epig enetics/intro/

37. http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi- bin/hgTracks?hgS_doOtherUser=submit& hgS_otherUserName=Kate&hgS_otherUs erSessionName=encodePortalSessionhttp://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi- bin/hgTracks?hgS_doOtherUser=submit& hgS_otherUserName=Kate&hgS_otherUs erSessionName=encodePortalSession

38. NIH - Epigenomics http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/epigenomics

39. Epigenome Project http://www.roadmapepigenomics.org/

40. Hox Genes Help lay out the basic body forms of many animals –EX: humans, flies, and worms. They set up the head-to-tail organization. You can think of them as direct instructions as an embryo develops: –“Put the head here! Legs go over there!”

42. Identity of Body Parts Drosophila has master regulatory genes called homeotic genes = HOX Genes Mutations to homeotic genes produce flies with strange traits, such as legs growing from the head in place of antennae

43. LE 21-13 Eye Antenna Leg Wild typeMutant

44. LE 21-14a Head Tail Wild-type larva Mutant larva (bicoid) Drosophila larvae with wild-type and bicoid mutant phenotypes

45. Widespread Conservation of Developmental Genes Among Animals Analysis of the hox genes in fruit flies has shown that they all include a sequence called a homeobox An very similar sequence has been discovered in both vertebrates and invertebrates

46. LE 21-23 Adult fruit fly Fruit fly embryo (10 hours) Fly chromosome Mouse chromosomes Mouse embryo (12 days) Adult mouse

47. LE 21-24 ThoraxAbdomen Genital segments ThoraxAbdomen

48. The End