2. Old History vs. New History Traditional history = White men, fleeing from rigid customs, social hierarchies, and the constrained resources of Europe to a land of opportunity New history = Many colonists failed to prosper due to disease, crop problems, predators, and hostile Native Americans; those who did do well did so at the expense of Indians, indentured servants, and slaves

3. Go West?  Not all of America was the English going west  Spanish were heading north from Mexico  Russians coming east from Siberia  French coming south through the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River

4. You cannot simply say there were Europeans, Africans, and Indians converging together because it was far more complex than that. When thrown together in the New World, each had to find a new commonality to aid in their survival in the new world. VIP = All three groups—Europeans, Africans, & Indians were in a flux when they encountered each other in the colonies.

5. Pre- Columbian time period. First Americans came from Asia Crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age Following a food source Gradual migration

6. Settlement

7. Early Human Migrations 1 st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE 2 nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE 3 rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE

8. Paleo-Indians

10. Archaic Indians

11. Horticulture  Horticulture evolved over generations from the practices of gathering wild plants  Indians developed hybrids of increasing reliability and productivity  They developed the three great crops of North Americans horticulture: maize, squash, and beans  As plants became more important in their diet, less time was devoted to hunting, gathering, and fishing.

12. Hohokam & Anasazi

13. Hohokam

14. Anasazi

15. Mound Builders

16. Indians in America

17. Beliefs  Indians had a more complex understanding of the interdependent relationship between the natural and the supernatural.  Indians believed that they lived within a contentious world of spiritual power that sometimes demanded human restraint and at other times offered opportunities for exploitation.

18. WHITE EUROPEANS Used the land for economic needs Clearing the land, destroying hunting areas and fencing it off into private property Divided the land and selling it for monetary value. NATIVE AMERICANS Relationship with environment as part of their religion Need to hunt for survival Ownership meant access to the things the land produced, not ownership of the land itself.