1. Peripherals Input Devices

2. Input devices allow users to enter text or graphics into a computer system They are part of the Human Computer Interface, allowing entry of commands Common input devices include keyboards, mouse,digital camera, scanner and webcam An interface connects devices & CPU

3. Types of Input Devices  Keyboard for text and commands  Pointing devices for Graphical User Interface (GUI) & graphics  Mouse, track ball, trackpad, touch-screen  Digitising input devices for graphics  Scanner and graphics tablet  Devices for machine readable data  OCR

4. Which Input Device? Selecting a device for a task means the device type and performance…  Matches User priorities  Depends on the type of task  Task may be general or specialised Other user preferences  Matches System requirements  Compatible with the type of computer  ie desktop, portable,networked system

5. Input device characteristics  Devices vary in terms of… Function  Is data entry text or graphics? Speed  How much data is there and how fast must data be input? Accuracy or quality What precision is needed?

6. Input Performance Performance depends on the device technology and specification level. Each technology has its own strengths.  Performance levels range from  low specification and basic features (entry level / lower cost) to  high specification and powerful features (high end / expensive).

7. Input Devices - Keyboard A keyboard allows alpha-numeric text data to be entered. Keyboard helps the user to enter commands (HCI).

8. How the Keyboard Works User presses a key on the keyboard. Keyboard senses the key-press, identifies the character, generates the ASCII bit pattern used to represent the character. Character is transmitted to the CPU via the keyboard interface.

9. Keyboard Speed Speed & accuracy is restricted by operator typing skills and the design limitations of the QWERTY layout. A good typist can achieve speeds of around 90 words per minute (wpm). Numeric keypads allow skilled users fast entry of numeric data (commands) Keyboards on palmtop computers are slower because the keys are smaller.

10. What are Pointing Devices  Input devices control a screen pointer:  As a key part of the user interface  To allow simple graphics to be entered.  Several pointing technologies exist.  Mouse: for standard desktops  Track pad: popular on laptops  Trackball: for laptop and desktops  Touch screen: for kiosks and children

11. Types of Mouse  Standard A roller-ball on the underside of mouse xxA button on top (at least one)  Optical No moving parts, no cleaning, very accurate Small changes in reflected light generate tracking signal. No moving parts, no cleaning, very accurate  Wireless (infra red IR) No cord, no tangle, remote operation

12. Digital Cameras A digital camera looks like a conventional camera, but the images are stored on a memory card.

13. Digital Camera Features Special Effects:  Black and white  Rotation of image  Sepia  Redeye flash removal Zoom (optical and digital):  Digital and optical zoom, when making comparisons the optical zoom factor is more important than the digital zoom. Photo Imaging Software:  Download/preview software Direct Printing:  Straight to printer without using a computer.

14. Webcams A webcam consists of a digital camera attached to a computer, these are connected through a USB port You can compare a webcam with the accuracy, speed of transfer and Cost

15. What is a Scanner  Photographs or artwork can be input.  Scan may be manipulated with image editing software, eg in publishing.  Scanning text in order to recognise the characters requires OCR software.  Scanner types  flat-bed: looks like a photo copier  hand-held scanners are rolled over the document/picture.  Drum scanner: professional standard

16. Optical Character Reader An OCR reads printed characters. Some OCR systems use specialised readers, others use a standard scanner with OCR software. Some OCR can read specially formed hand-written characters.

17. OCR Software  Light is reflected off text on a page.  The reflected pattern is compared with patterns stored in computer memory in order to recognise the shape of each character.  Once recognised, the system stores the ASCII code of the character.

18. Microphone The purpose of a microphone is to allow sound to be inputted in to the computer. Naturally sound is analogue and this must be converted into digital form for the computer to make sense of it.

19. Output Devices

20. Common output devices : monitors, printers & loudspeakers. Output devices allow users to observe the results of processing They are part of the Human Computer Interface (HCI), allowing entry of commands. An interface connects devices & CPU

21. Printers There are 2 main types of monitor Ink Jet Laser

22. Monitors The Monitor is the main output device of the compter A monitor displays data entered into a computer, and the results produced. Monitors help the user to enter commands and allow the system to keep the user informed (HCI). There are two types of monitors  Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)  Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

23. Cathode Ray Tube CRT monitors are heavy and bulky. CRT monitors are found on desktop computers and network workstations.

24. Liquid Crystal Display An LCD screen display is a flat panel made up of a few layers. There are special crystals in one of the layers. Electric signals can change the crystals from transparent to coloured. LCD monitors are lightweight, compact and can run on the low power supplied by batteries. They are ideal for portable computer systems such as laptops and palmtops.

25. Laser Printer An laser printer works by using a laser beam to trace the image of the page layout onto a photosensitive drum. This image then attracts toner b y means of an electrostatic charge. The toner if fused to the paper by heat and pressure.

26. Ink Jet Printer An Ink Jet printer works by spraying a fine jet of ink, which is both heated and under pressure, onto the paper. Most have a black cartridge.

27. Comparing Printers When comparing printers you should take several features into consideration:  Accuracy  Quality  Speed  Cost

28. Printer Performance Speed  pages per minute, time for 1st page out  Performance “hit” on user’s computer Quality  Sharpness /detail of text, resolution  Colour realism, bit depth Cost  Cost to purchase the printer Running cost Paper, photo paper, ink, toner, pens

29. Printer Quality Printers & monitors make images from dots called pixels, formed in a grid. A pixel can be black/white or coloured. Images made from many small pixels close together look sharp and detailed, this is high resolution. There are many dots per inch (dpi) across and up/down. Images made from fewer but larger pixels spaced apart look chunky, this is called low resolution. The dpi is low.

30. Backing Storage

31. What is Backing Storage Backing storage includes devices such as disc and tape drives. Such devices are needed to store user data and software. CPU memory is limited and RAM is erased when the power is off. Backing store devices offer large amounts of storage.

32. Features of Backing Storage Access method  Random or Serial  How the transfer of data to and from storage is organised. Medium  Magnetic or Optical  The data storage technology. Performance  Capacity and Speed  How much and how fast.

33. Random Access A disk is a random access medium. Random access means the system can go directly to the data it requires. This makes a disk drive a faster method of data storage and data access than a tape drive

34. Serial Access Items in a file are read one at a time from the physical start of a file in the order in which they are stored. A tape (video) is a serial access medium.

35. Magnetic Storage n magnetic storage systems, the surfaces of the disks or tapes are coated in a substance that can retain data as magnetic patterns. These magnetic patterns are written to – and read from – the surface using an electromagnetic read/write head. Magnetic storage systems fall into two categories: disk or tape.

36. Optical Storage Optical storage devices use laser technology to store and retrieve data. We shall consider both CD-ROM and DVD-ROM.

37. Types of Access Magnetic Storage Device Random (direct) Serial Floppy Drive √ Hard Drive √ Zip Drive √ Magnetic Tape √

38. Optical Storage Device Random (direct) Serial CD-ROM √ CD-R √ CD-RW √ DVD-ROM √

39. Disc Summary

40. Interface An interface is a hardware device that is needed to allow the processor to communicate with an external or internal device such as a printer, modem or hard drive. Sometimes the interface is a board in the computer and sometimes it is a connection to a port

41. Why is an Interface Needed An interface is required because there are differences in characteristics between the peripheral device and the processor. These characteristics include Data Conversion Speed of operation Temporary Storage Data

42. Types of Conversion The most common example of data conversion is when the peripheral accepts an analogue signal that must be converted into digital for the processor to comprehend it.

43. Written Task Exercise 5 Page 96