1. Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008

2. Question “Who was the Union general at the battle of Gettysburg?” * Subject types response and confidence 1.5 s 2 s * Correct answer 1.5 s Ability-Relevant Feedback Learning-Relevant Feedback 1 s Paying Attention to Learning or

4. Fixed Mindset Instructions “The test you are about to take, the verbal portion of the MCAT, is a measure of your verbal intelligence and verbal reasoning ability…”

5. Growth Mindset Instructions The test you are about to take… is not a measure of verbal ability; rather it is a measure of your current level of reading comprehension, retention, and speed. All of these can improve considerably with practice.

6. Mindset Instructions on MCAT Problems 25.9% increase

7. How are Mindsets Communicated? Messages We Send to Students

8. Effects of Intelligence vs. Effort Praise Mindset: Fixed vs. Growth Goals: Looking smart vs. Learning After Difficult Trial: Confidence: Low vs. High Motivation: Low vs. High Performance: Decreased vs. Increased

9. Number of problems solved on Trial 1 (before failure) and Trial 3 (after failure). Number of Problems Solved

10. Lying Students who misrepresented their scores Type of Praise Given

11. Changing Mindsets

14. Math Grades (Blackwell, Trzesniewski, & Dweck)

15. Percent Identified as Increasing in Motivation

16. Question “Who was the Union general at the battle of Gettysburg?” * Subject types response and confidence 1.5 s 2 s * Correct answer 1.5 s Ability-Relevant Feedback Learning-Relevant Feedback 1 s Paying Attention to Learning or