1. The Mezzogiorno The Mezzogiorno is part of the periphery of the EU. Mt. Etna Mt. Vesuvius Ionian Sea Lingurian Sea Physical Reasons why Mezzogiorno is periphery… Climate Mediterranean, with hot summers of 25 degrees caused by angle of sun, rainfall less than 10mm per month caused by high pressure Low rainfall leads to long summer droughts, resulting in poor grazing and high evaporation reduces moisture available for plants and for irrigation Summer rain is in heavy convectional showers washing away soil and ruining crops Winters mild and wet because of low pressure and prevailing winds from the Atlantic. Relief High mountains mainly permeable limestone, meaning water percolates through and surface water is scarce Low surface water and high evaporation mean that there is little soil moisture so plants must be specially adapted like Rosemary or Cypress trees (Garrigue vegetation) Soils are thin and alkaline with little humus and are poor in nutrients Most land between 200 and 1500m separated by deep, steep sided valleys which are subject to flash floods in summer and convectional storms during winter rainstorms. Hillsides have been terraced to increase amount of level land Soils are thicker and land is more level on coastal plains; volcanic areas have richer soils Natural Hazards earthquakes and volcanic eruptions common as it is a destructive plate boundary May result in flooding and landslides, due to inadequate river channels and heavy summer storms. Lack of Natural Resources No important minerals like coal or iron ore, therefore little industry.

2. Human Reasons why Mezzogiorno is periphery… Deforestation - forests cleared for use as fuel wood and building Land has been overgrazed by sheep and goats Soil erosion, caused by historical farming methods, deforestation, severe storms and flash floods, lack of vegetation in summer to anchor soil Latifundi: large estates owned by a landlord who rents plots to peasants, often small and scattered, resulting in mainly subsistence (grow to eat) economy. The peasants had little money left after paying the rent to improve their land or farming methods and there was little incentive to improve land that wasn’t theirs. Landlords didn’t invest in modern techniques. Lack of communications: narrow and twisting roads built because of steep relief means that produce takes a a long time to reach markets in the North and deterioration en route means they sell for a lower price. What was the Mezzogiorno like? Case Study: Aliano Aliano is in the south east of the state of Basilicata, Southern Italy. Physical ProblemsHuman Problems shortage of raw materials 85% land hilly or mountainous Water shortages in summer Poor quality soil and vegetation Movement of goods difficult due to poor communications and steep slopes landlords unhelpful to farmers Lack of educational opportunity Few farmers own their own land Few big banks from which to borrow money Lack of skilled labour and industry Poverty and high unemployment

3. Migration: Push and Pull Push – Economic low income from subsistence farming means people can’t afford housing with modern facilities Lack of jobs outside farming to provide alternative Lack o investment form government in region Farming hard work – long hours little pay Pressure on land – sons have too little land to live on Push – Social Lack of schools with high educational standard Low quality housing lacking piped water and electricity Pull – Economic Higher paid jobs and more skilled jobs More jobs in manufacturing and services Pull – Social Modern hospitals and health clinics More entertainment like cinemas and night clubs Traditional Farming before 1950 Mostly Calanchi – badly eroded land due to centuries of bad farming practices Latifundi Deforestation to provide more farm land Sheep and goats grazed on pasture until bare Too many crops grown, land exhausted and unprotected Loose soils washed away by winter storms Valleys chocked with alluvium cause rivers to flood

4. Improvements Made… 1.CAP - single payment has replaced subsidies on individual olive trees after the EU expanded Aims to guarantee regular food supplies at affordable prices and ensure fair standard of living for farmers Farmers spend less time filling in forms, don’t have to keep a specific number of animals, will be paid depending on amount of land, and must meet standards of animal welfare in order to get the payment 2. Cassa per il Mezzogiorno – Land reforms of Latifundi Established in 1950 Cassa took land from absentee landlords and gave to peasants giving them incentive to improve farms Farms could be used as security for loans Each farmer had enough land to be self sufficient Fragmented fields consolidated meaning less time travelling Changes in farming practices due to land reform... Scientific farming: higher yielding varieties of seeds, chemical fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides used to increase yield, irrigation so crops can be grown in summer drought, new crops grown to sell during North Europe’s winter for higher value Tractors make farming large area easier Bulk purchases by cooperatives reduce cost More products are processed to increase profits, eg. Grapes turned to wine before travelling to markets in the North Other Cassa initiatives: build agricultural factories – cooperatives have a factory where goods can be processed before being taken to market Build roads linking North to South – produce is more easily transported therefore higher quality giving greater profit Improve schools and medical facilities to make people want to stay. Workers are healthier and can work harder, school provide suitable employees for the future. Establish agricultural colleges to improve farming skills Provide electricity supply - use dams and relief of land to generate HEP used to work irrigation pumps and sprinklers Provide water supply for domestic use so farmers would be healthier and for irrigation so crops crop yields would be higher in summer, increasing income 3. European Investment Fund Loans form the EU for specific projects, like a steel works, or a hydroelectric power station

5. Improvements Made… 4. Integrated Mediterranean Programme Improve quality of produce to crate more profit Improve marketing to improve sales Introduce diversification Extend forestry to reduce soil erosion Educate and train farmers in modern practices Vineyard tours Restaurants selling home cooked Italian cuisine Shops selling wine and olives Holiday apartments/ villas/ campsites Improvements after IMP funding… productivity and income increased More people have employment outside of agriculture Tourism increased Migration to North decreased Limitations to IMP funding… 1.Many of the non-Agricultural industries which have developed are state owned and there is little evidence that small scale private industry is growing 2.Much of the money has not reached the farmers but has been diverted to illegal organisations like the mafia. Cassa per il Mezzogi orno Scattered Latifundi plots Consolidat ed land Europea n investme nt fund Little other industry Steel Works Integrated Mediterran ean Programm e Deforestation causes eroded hillsides Aforestation, reduction in soil erosion