1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carl P. Gabbard PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation revised by Alberto Cordova, University of Texas at San Antonio Chapter 4 Physiological Changes

2. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physiological (functional) Change Overview Cardiorespiratory Muscle function Flex BMR

3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiorespiratory Basic Structure Heart, arteries Capillaries and veins Function (Involuntary muscle): Pumps blood through body

4. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory system Structure Lungs, trachea, bronchi, pulmonary arteries, veins, and alveoli Function Lungs: exchange of air Bronchi: conduct air Figure 4.1

5. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Early Growth and Development Heart Growth Begins as a single tube 3rd week pulsations (no blood) 12th week circulating system Fetal heart beat is strong at 4 to 5 months

6. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Change in Heart Mass During Childhood and Adolescence Figure 4.2

7. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Early Growth and Development Respiratory Growth Begins as lung buds (3rd to 4th week) Bronchial tree forms 16th week (4 months) Alveolar-capillary interface 6th month

8. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy Sources Mechanical work ATP (muscle contraction) Sources Glycolysis (lactic acid) Kreb’s cycle

9. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Aerobic Power VO 2 max O 2 use per unit of time Primary determinants Cardiac output - Rate blood is pumped (HR) and quantity ejected with each stroke (stroke volume) Heredity (over 90%) Lean body mass

10. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Aerobic Power Peak 18 to 25 years related to lean mass / heredity 70% 90% After puberty, lean body mass tends to level off in females. Men tend to gain lean body mass. Figure 4.3

11. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Aerobic Power Table 4.1

12. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anaerobic Power Max rate of metabolic processing without O 2 Increases up to early adulthood with growth Children Diff: Glycolytic capacity level of acidosis (tolerance) 40% loss with advanced age loss of muscle mass loss of type II fibers Figure 4.4

13. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 4.2

14. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vital Capacity Pulmonary Ventilation VC refers to the total volume of air expired Increases with age (related to body size) PV refers to air movement in and out. 6 years, 30 to 40 lpm Adult,100 lpm Regression, 40% Figure 4.5

15. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.9 Pulmonary Ventilation Values

16. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thermoregulation The body’s ability to regulate heat Convective heat loss Evaporative cooling (sweat rate) Concerns with children? Less tolerant Create more heat Figure 4.6

17. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basal Metabolic Rate BMR refers to the amount of heat produced by the body during rest It decreases with age Increased with males 5 to 10%, relative to fat-free mass

18. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular Strength Increases with age (related to body size) Males are typically 30 to 50% stronger than females. Related to lean body mass and androgens levels Strength peaks at about 25 to 29 years. Regression 25 to 30% (muscle mass decreased)

19. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.10 Strength and Power for Males

20. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular Endurance Ability to sustain muscular work Sit-ups, pull-ups, push-ups Figure 4.7

21. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Flexibility Degree of ability to move body parts through a range of motion without undue strain Specific to each joint Not related to length of limbs Strength development need not hinder range of motion Activity levels are better indicator than age is Females tend to be more flexible than men

22. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Flexibility Figure 4.11

23. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 4.3

24. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regression Figure 4.8

25. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 4.4

26. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 4.5

27. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 4.5

28. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary Growth and development of the cardiorespiratory system begin with a single, noncirculating heart tube. Maximal aerobic power increases through childhood. Resting heart rate levels decrease with age. Basal metabolic rates decline with age and muscular strength peaks between 25 and 29 years of age. After peak physiological maturity, functions begin to decline.