1. Emile Durkheim ( )

2. Personal Information Born April 1858 Jewish section of Epinal, France
Family: Close-knit
Not wealthy but respected
Hey Hey Durkheim
Functionalism

3. Personal Information 1887 first faculty appointment
1st Sociology course
Chair: Dept. of Social Sciences
(University of Bordeaux)
Married, 2 children
(Son, Andre died in WWI)
Died at 59

4. Social Environment Rapid industrialization
Conflict: Workers and Owners
Paris Commune (1871)
Workers seized Paris
Established egalitarian republic
Government destroyed commune
Killed 20,000 working-class people

5. Social Environment: France
History of Political Instability
Monarchy of Louis XVI
French Revolution (1789)
Dictatorship of Napoleon I ( )
Restoration of Bourbon monarchy
Bourbons overthrown (1830)

6. Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette

7. Napoleon I

8. History of Political Instability
Monarchy of Louis Philippe
Revolution ended monarchy (1848)
2nd Republic ( )
Emperor Napoleon III ( )
Nephew of Napoleon I
Deposed after defeat in Franco-Prussian War

9. Louis Philippe

10. Napoleon III (Nephew of Napoleon I)

11. History of Political Instability
Durkheim lived in 3rd Republic
People had lost moral unity
Remnants of previous governments
People supported:
Democracy
Monarchy
Socialism

12. Durkheim’s 3 Basic Concerns
1) Instability
Economic
Political
2) Violence
Workers & employers
Between nations
Anti-Semitism
3) Decadence
Self-centered
No sense of community

13. Sociology the Solution
Purpose of Sociology=Explain how to make modern society work
Develop positivist laws
Solve problems
Address moral crises
Create stability

14. Morality Discipline Attachment Autonomy
Morality composed of three elements:
Discipline
(Constrains egoistic impulses)
Attachment
(Voluntarily join groups)
Autonomy
(Individual responsibility)

15. Sources of Morality Education Occupational associations
Provides children with moral tools
Occupational associations
Adults acquire morals

16. Intellectual Influences
Kant
Morality without divinity
Sense of duty
Saint-Simon
Sociology->Moral laws
Hold society together

17. Intellectual Influences
Comte
Focus: Social stability & change
Spencer
Social evolution

18. Ideas Dynamic Density Social Facts Collective Consciousness
Social Solidarity
Dynamic Density
Social Facts
Collective Consciousness
Collective Representations
Social Currents
Society as a distinct social reality
Individual as Dualistic

19. Social Solidarity
A set of norms, values, and morals that hold a certain group of people together
“The ties that bind”
Social context:
Growing individualism
Social dislocation
Moral diversification

20. Social Solidarity 1) Mechanical Solidarity Non-industrial societies
Minimal division of labor
Few occupations
Similarity bound people together

21. Social Solidarity 2) Organic Solidarity
More advanced societies (industrial)
Increased division of labor
Many occupations
Difference and Interdependency
create solidarity

22. Social Facts
“Ways of acting, thinking, & feeling, external to the individual & endowed with the power of coercion, by reason of which they control him.”
Independent of any single individual
Only explained by other social facts

23. Social Facts-3 General Types
1. Material facts
Social structures
Economy, Family, Social class
Morphological Facts
Form and Structure
Population size and density
Geographical location

24. Social Facts (cont.) 2. Nonmaterial facts Norms Values
Collective representations
Collective consciousness

25. Social Facts (cont.) 3. Social currents Not as clearly formed
Examples:
Enthusiasm in crowds
Indignation in crowds
Depression in particular social groups

26. Collective Consciousness
Totality of beliefs & sentiments common to the average member of society
Exists before individuals
Survives individuals

27. Collective Consciousness (cont.)
Experienced as external force
Shapes behavior
Varies from society to society
Based on division of labor

28. Collective Consciousness 4 dimensions
1. Volume=Number of people involved
2. Intensity=How deeply people feel about the belief
3. Rigidity=Clarity of the definition
4. Content=Form collective consciousness takes

29. 4 Dimensions Marriage in Feudal Societies (Mechanical Societies)
Volume=Most people involved
Intensity=Felt deeply about it
Rigidity=Clearly defined
Content=Religious & economic

30. 4 Dimensions Marriage Today (Organic Society)
Volume=Large # but smaller % of population
Intensity=Feel less deeply
Rigidity=Less clearly defined
Content=Personal choice

31. Society & Social Reality
Society as a distinct form of social reality
Cannot be reduced to biology or psychology
Society is not the mere sum of its parts

32. Individual as Dualistic
Individual part and Social part
Individual part
Bioorganic
Inborn
Self-centered

33. Individual as Dualistic
Social Part
Develops through interaction
Socialization
Altruistic
Group oriented
Needs nurturing & developing

34. Anomie Norms (expectations for behavior) are: Confused Unclear or
Not present
Normlessness

35. Anomie Modern individuals insufficiently integrated into society ->
Weakening bonds
Social regulation breaks down
Societal control on individual desires & interests is ineffective
Individuals on their own

36. Anomie Human’s dual nature-> Breakdown of morals
Rising rates of deviance
Social unrest
Unhappiness
Stress

37. Research Suicide rates are social facts 4 types of suicide: Egoistic
Altruistic
Anomic
Fatalistic

38. Research on Suicide Durkheim defined suicide as:
“death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result.”

39. Egoistic Suicide Low social integration Group solidarity declined
Individual must depend on self
Excessive individualism
Vulnerable groups:
Urban dwellers
Industrial workers
Protestants
Unmarried men

40. Altruistic Suicide High social integration
Excessive integration into group
Completely absorbed by group
Duty to commit suicide for group
Examples:
Observed more in less “civilized” societies
One group in modern society—Army

41. Anomic Suicide Low social regulation Breakdown of moral community
No rules or vague rules
Examples:
Adolescents
Older white men

42. Fatalistic Suicide Excessive social regulation Too tightly controlled
Few choices
Examples:
Slaves
Very young husbands
Married women--when divorce is not available

43. Contribution to Sociology
Institutionalized Sociology
Taught first class
Defined sociology’s area of research
Research illustrated sociology’s usefulness

44. Contribution to Sociology
Set the standard for research style & presentation
Literature review
Theoretical context
Testable hypotheses
Use of statistics
Implications of findings