1. Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2 The economic troubles and general unhappiness simmered until 1848. Then a revolution exploded again and another republic was born. New government formed, a republic headed by a president. All men had the right to vote. Voters elected Napoleon’s nephew, Louis-Napoleon. The Revolution of 1848 Birth of a Republic in France

2. Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2 French constitution allowed president to serve four years Louis Napoleon wanted to remain in office 1851, sent troops to Paris, arrested members of National Assembly who opposed him Called for national vote on drafting new constitution 1852, French elected him Emperor Napoleon III New Constitution Napoleon III and the Second Empire

3. Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2 Napoleon III Reforms Period became known as Second Empire Ruled during time of economic prosperity Built many miles of railroads, helped increase trade and improved communications in France. Newspapers were censored and those that criticized the Emperor were jailed. Reforms

4. Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2 The War –Russian demanded the right to protect Christian shrines (Privilege already given to the French) –Britain and France declared war on Russia in 1854. –War ends in 1856 –France win bragging rights, but that is it. Foreign Conflicts: Crimean War

5. Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2 Florence Nightingale Modernized the field hospital Headed a group of nurses during the Crimean War Cared for the wounded, tried to control diseases, and improve morale. Credited with creating the modern profession of nursing.

6. Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2 Franco-Prussian War Otto von Bismark was the head of Prussia’s. July 1870 France declared war on Prussia. January 1871 Paris (capital of France) fell to the Prussians. The war was over! Prussia became known as Germany. France borrowed money and paid Germany to leave.

7. Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2 Constitution of 1875 Officially made France a republic. President elected by the legislature for a term of seven years. Legislature included: Senate Chamber of Deputies Anarchists – people who opposed all governments, waged terrorist campaigns in France and throughout Europe.

8. Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2 Alfred Dreyfus, captain in French army, Jewish Falsely accused of betraying military secrets to Germany Anti-Semitic officers knew he was not guilty,but let Dreyfus take blame. Anti-Semitic means prejudice against the Jews. The Dreyfus Affair

9. Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2 The Dreyfus Affair Evidence suggested another, non-Jewish, officer may have been spy, but he was found not guilty in court. Dreyfus not cleared until 1906, after serving 12 years of a life-sentence. Theodor Herzl begin the movement called Zionism, which called for re-creating a Jewish state. Nationalism is most likely to develop in an area that has a common custom, language, and history.