1. BIO 402 – Field Biology Dr. Charles Horn Newberry College

2. Presence of a complex reproductive structure = FLOWER

3. FLOWER (an organ)  Commonly see both sexes together in the same flower  Axis on which the flower parts are attached = RECEPTACLE  Four WHORLS (parts) to a flower

4.  SEPALS – protect the developing flower collectively called CALYX typically green, leaf-like

5.  PETALS – attract pollinators (transfer male reproductive cells to female reproductive cells) collectively called COROLLA or PERIANTH typically color related to type of pollinator

6.  STAMENS – male reproductive composed of filament + anther 4 spore producing chambers per anther = LOCULE

7.  CARPELS – female reproductive collectively called PISTIL (stigma + style + ovary)

8.  One to many chambers in each ovary each chamber = LOCULE contain OVULES one to many OVULES per locule

9.  Diagrammatic version:

10.  Ovule structure: a) integument (surrounding protective layer) b) embryo sac

11. Ovule development MEGASPORE MOTHER CELL (2n)  (meiosis … 3 die) 1 MEGASPORE (1n)  (mitosis) 8-NUCLEATE EMBRYO SAC 3 antipodals + 2 polar nuclei 1 egg cell + 2 synergids +

12.  All parts equal around receptacle = actinomorphic  Parts of different sizes = zygomorphic

15.  PERFECT - both stamens & carpels in same flower  IMPERFECT - only one sex in a flower  male and female flowers

16.  MONOECIOUS - stamens & carpels on same plant (separate flowers)  DIOECIOUS – stamens & carpels on different plants

19. Based on number of flower parts  Monocots = flower parts in multiples of three (3, 6, 9 …)  Dicots = flower parts in multiples of four or five (4, 5, 8, 10 …)

25.  Is a stem or branched system on which flowers are produced.  Can be simple (one stem with one flower = scape) or highly branched (=panicle)