1. Roots of Independent Internationalism Charles Evan Hughes (Harding’s Secretary of State): Washington Naval Conference (1922) Charles Evan Hughes (Harding’s Secretary of State): Washington Naval Conference (1922) Alternative to League of Nations peace efforts, Harding opposed U.S. membership in the League Alternative to League of Nations peace efforts, Harding opposed U.S. membership in the League Disarmament – 10 year moratorium on battleship construction, limits on naval size Disarmament – 10 year moratorium on battleship construction, limits on naval size Support for an Open Door Policy in China Support for an Open Door Policy in China Japanese resented 5:5:3 (US: UK: Japan) ratio on tonnage of capital ships. Japanese resented 5:5:3 (US: UK: Japan) ratio on tonnage of capital ships.

2. Good Neighbor Policy "No country has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another" – Secretary of State Cordell Hull, Dec. 1933 at the Conference of American States in Montevideo, Uruguay "No country has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another" – Secretary of State Cordell Hull, Dec. 1933 at the Conference of American States in Montevideo, Uruguay

3. Guernica (1937): Picasso’s abstract nod to the horrors of the Spanish Civil War

4. The Enigma of Hitler (1938), Spanish Surrealist Salvador Dali’s vision of the bleakness of appeasement

5. America First, America’s foremost non-interventionist group was started in 1940 by a group of Yale students. The group claimed such famous members and supporters as Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh (below), Gerald Ford, John F. Kennedy, Walt Disney, and Sinclair Lewis. The movement broke up after Pearl Harbor.

6. Dr. Seuss takes on isolationism

10. The Pearl Harbor attack ended most non-interventionist sentiment