1. Sickle Cell Anemia
Caused by a mutuation – a change in the DNA that affects genetic information
A single amino acid is substituted in the hemogloblin molecule
Red blood cells to clump together throughout the body leading to weakness, pain, organ damage and even paralysis

3. Silent Point Mutation

4. FRAMESHIFT MUTATION – INSERTION OR DELETION OF A NUCLEOTIDE THAT CHANGES THE GROUPINGS OF THE CODONS THAT FOLLOW RESULTING IN A NONFUNCTIONAL PROTEIN

5. Chromosomal Mutations
Types: deletion, duplication, inversion, insertion, translocation
Changes structure of a chromosome and its genes, resulting in abnormalities such as Down’s Syndrome, Prader Willi Syndrome

8. Himalayan Rabbit Experiment
Showed that gene expression in an organism could be modified by interactions in the environment
Procedure:
Fur plucked from a patch on the back and a pack and an ice pack was applied the area
New fur that grew under the artificially low temperature is black
The enzyme encoded by the gene is active only at low temperatures