2.  1492-Columbus sailed west to get to the Indies in the east. He was looking for a shorter route; Muslim traders controlled the existing land and water routes.  Europeans were dependent upon the Indies for spices, silk, tea, and gems.  Columbus explored San Salvador in the Caribbean Islands, but he was convinced that he had found the Indies. He never found any treasure.  1507 – New World named America after Amerigo Vespucci by a Swiss map maker.

3.  After Columbus, Spain and Portugal both became very interested in the New World; Portugal feared that Spain would threaten their shipping lanes to Africa.  1493 - Pope Alexander VI created the “Line of Demarcation” dividing the Spanish and Portuguese interests.  1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas moved the line 700 miles west, protecting the Portuguese shipping lanes, but only leaving them one territory – Brazil. Spain still had more land.

4. Division of the New World 1493 – dotted line – “Line of Demarcation” 1494 – solid line – “Treaty of Tordesillas”

5.  1497 & 1498 – John Cabot sails almost the entire east coast of present day United States; as far north as Canada and as far south as Florida.  England ignored the Pope’s decrees and the Treaty of Tordesillas ; could not agree with Spain on who actually had rights to New World  Finally agreed that explorers must colonize an area for it to belong to the country.

6.  1513 - Ponce de Leon landed on Florida thinking it was a large island; called it Isla Florida, “Island of Flowers”  Actually had landed near the future site of St. Augustine  1521 – Ponce de Leon returned to colonize the area, but was met with resistance from hostile Indians and killed.

8. Conquistadors - people sent to explore and Christianize the Native population  Spain continued sending Conquistadors - people sent to explore and Christianize the Native population  1526 – Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon given permission to conquer and colonize La Florida for Spain; left in July with 600 Spanish settlers  Landed on the Carolina coast in August hoping to find Indians to help them out; when they found none, they sailed to a place in Georgia now called Port Royal.  Ayllon died 10 days later from disease; most of his settlers either died from disease, exposure or Indian attack. Only 150 returned to Hispaniola alive.

9.  1540 – landed in Tallahassee and made their way into Georgia where they encountered chiefdoms of the Mississippian period.  Food was in short supply – seized food from the Indians; in 4 years, found virtually no silver or gold.  Most of the expedition died from disease, exposure, or Indian attacks.

10.  Most Natives had never seen guns, steel swords, or metal armor that came with the Conquistadors; their stone, wood, and bone weapons were no match.  Many were killed in battle or forced into slavery; 1/3 of the population was killed by small pox. Entire villages were abandoned.  So many of the Indians were killed that the Spanish began importing Africans as slaves.

12.  1524 – Giovanni de Verrazano – sailed west to go east like Columbus, came ashore @ Carolina, possibly even as far south as Georgia then sailed north to Nova Scotia, Canada Huguenots – French Protestants  1562 – Jean Ribault – brought 150 Huguenots – French Protestants to an area just north of present day Savannah; built Charles Fort, the first European fort in N. America  1564 – another group of Huguenots landed at the mouth of the St. John’s River in FL; built Ft. Caroline

13.  Spanish were outraged with Huguenots for building on their lands and raiding Spanish ships.  1565 – Pedro Menendez sailed from Spain to drive out the French in FL; captured Ft. Caroline and executed the Huguenot defenders.  Menendez then founded St. Augustine, FL which became the first successful settlement in N. America; important military and political base because of its seaport.

14.  For the purpose of missionary work, Georgia’s coast divided in half  Guale – northern half between the Savannah and Altahama Rivers  Mocama – southern half between the Altamaha and St. Mary’s Rivers  Many friars lost their lives in Indian uprisings – Juanillo uprising

15.  1604 – Spain and England signed a treaty allowing England to begin colonizing lands in N. America  Used Cabot’s voyages of 1497 and 1498 as basis for claims in the New World.  1606 – King James I issued a charter to the Virginia Company to create a colony  1607 – James Town  1607 – James Town on the James River became the first English settlement in N. America

16.  English had many reasons for wanting to colonize:  Wanted to keep up with other countries for power and glory  Mercantilism –  Mercantilism – colonies sold raw materials to England to make finished goods; colonies had to buy all finished goods from England  Virginia colony proved that mercantilism could work by growing tobacco and exporting it to England

17.  Trading companies played a major role in colonizing; upper class British did as well – they believed England was overrun with poor, homeless and unemployed people  Some groups sought religious freedom in the colonies  Puritans spoke out against the Church of England wanted to make reforms.  Separatists spoke out against the Church of England but wanted to form an entirely new church

18.  Corporate colony:  Corporate colony: king gave a land grant to corporations for form colonies; most often were joint-stock companies – companies sold stock to raise money for the colony and gave a portion of the profits back to the investors  Proprietary colony:  Proprietary colony: king granted a charter giving one person or group of people ownership of a colony; the owner of the colony had full rights to government and land distribution  Royal colony: ; none started out this way, but many ended this way –  Royal colony: colony operated directly by the English gov’t; none started out this way, but many ended this way – Most common type of colony.

19.  1663 – King Charles II issued a charter for Carolina – eventually broken into North and South Carolina  36 parallel was northern border; 31 parallel was southern border; 2 years later, the southern border was changed to 29 parallel  1670 – Charles Town(Charleston) became the basis for the English trying to control Guale and Mocama  Carolina began trading with Indians along the Savannah River; also began arming Yamasee Indians with guns to capture Indian slaves.

21.  1717 – First proposal to colonize south of the Savannah River by Robert Montgomery – would call it Azilia and produce wine, silk, and other products for England; plans were postponed  1720 – John Barnwell wanted Britain to build a series of forts along the south and west of Carolina’s frontier; construction on the garrison began in 1721, but it was abandoned in 1727 due to sickness and death  James Oglethorpe, known for prison reform, convinced King George II to approve a debtor’s colony that would become Georgia

22.  Elected to Parliament @ age 25  Became a proponent of prison reform in 1720s, particularly because debtors were being thrown in jail for not being able to pay their debts  Asked King George II for a land grant to create the colony of Georgia for debtors to begin again.

23.  Charter granted on June 20, 1732  Georgia had three purposes:  Charity – to relieve poverty and unemployment –  Economics – participate in mercantilism; grow mulberry trees to produce silk  Defense – serve as a buffer between South Carolina and the Spanish Religion was a fourth, unstated reason for the charter; did not impose an official religion, but Catholics were not allowed because they might sympathize Spain

24.  Savannah River original northern border  Altamaha River original southern border  The Pacific Ocean, on paper, was the western border  Borders protested by the French and Spanish, but they could not challenge British  See picture page 80 in your textbook!

25.  King George II granted the charter making it a trustee colony for 21 years; Oglethorpe and 20 other British gentlemen were named Trustees  The trustees were responsible for managing the colony, but there were restrictions on them so they could not profit from their position  The trustees were not able to:  Own land  Hold public office  Be given money for work  Pass laws without the consent of the king

26.  First task of the trustees was to raise money for passage, food, and tools for the colonists; advertised in newspapers, speeches, and pamphlets to raise $  Next, they looked for hardworking people who were down on their luck AND has the skills to make the colony successful  35 families were chosen, none of which had been in prison for their debts; were given food, land, and tools, but had to do ALL THE WORK

27.  No Catholics, blacks, liquor dealers, or lawyers allowed.  Colonists were promised 50 acres and 1 year supply of food; colonists paying their own way got 500 acres and 10 indentured servants  Colonists had to agree to the following:  Each man had to defend the colony  Land could not be sold or $ be borrowed on it  Had to farm land with seeds  Had to grow mulberry trees for silk  Had to obey all trustees rules and regulations

28.  Left for Georgia on November 17, 1732 on the ship Ann; had to make peace with the Yamacraw Indians before it could anchor  Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraw, allowed the colonists to settle on Yamacraw Bluff overlooking the Savannah River  Oglethorpe quickly began laying out the city of Savannah; Noble Jones surveyed and helped layout the city. Savannah became the first planned city in America.

29.  Each settler had to care for their house, 5 acres @ the edge of town, and 45 farm acres in the country.  The first year, 1 in 4 colonists died from diseases from the drinking water; once the town well was dug, population began to recover.  Colonists were not happy; it was hot is the summer and there were heavy rains.

30.  Particularly upset by 3 of the trustees regulations:  Land ownership and inheritance  Slaves  Rum and liquor  Trustees wanted to prevent a rich, land owning class; if a land owner left the colony, the land went back to the trustees.  Women were not allowed to inherit land; if there were no male heir to protect the land, it went back to the trustees  Slaves and rum were allowed in every other colony but Georgia; colonists claimed it unfair.

31.  Salzburgers, a group of German protestants, came to Georgia seeking religious freedom from Austria  Oglethorpe originally gave them 25 miles @ Ebenezer, but the land was poor; eventually moved them to Red Bluff named New Ebenezer  John Martin Boltzius – leader of the Salzburg church; very strict rules  John Adam Treulten – Salzburger who became the first Governor of Georgia

32.  1734- Oglethorpe returned to England with Tomochichi to brief the trustees on the progress of the colony; asked for $ from the government to build forts  150 Highland Scots came to build forts on the southern border of the colony; settled @ Darien  1735 – Oglethorpe returned to Georgia with 257 more colonists to build the 2 nd fort @ St. Simon’s Island  Upset the Spanish by building forts @ the St. John’s River

33.  British gov’t also charged Oglethorpe with keeping friendly relationship with the Indians by trading  Also some traders began to trade rum to the Indians which worried Oglethorpe, so he built Ft. Augusta to better regulate trade  Oglethorpe created 3 regulations on trade:  Set a fair rate for goods  Register and pay a fee  Follow all stated rules and regulations

34.  1736 – Oglethorpe returns to England to plead for soldiers and $ to defend the colony  1737 – Oglethorpe becomes a Colonel and sent 600 soldiers to Georgia  1739 – England declares war with Spain; England only has two victories  Ft. Diego  Ft. Mose – home of the Black Militia

35.  June 1742 – Spanish brought a large # of soldiers to the coast of St. Simon’s Island; attacked within a mile of Ft. Frederica  Oglethorpe assembled a small army to hide in the woods - Battle of Bloody Marsh – Spanish were forced back again  After battle, Oglethorpe promoted to General and left for England never to return to Georgia; disappointed by how the trustees handled the colony after he left

36.  After Oglethorpe left, many colonists returned to England or went to other colonies.  Export business was bad due to crop failures and discontent over prohibition on slavery  Trustees relaxed their rules on land inheritance and slavery  1750 – allowed colonist to elect delegates to handle local affairs

37.  1752 – trustees turn the colony over to the British gov’t making it a royal colony  17547 – John Reynolds became first Royal Governor  Georgia would now have it’s own legislature with an upper house appointed by the governor  People would elect the lower house:  White males with at least 500 acres eligible  Laws made by Assembly could be vetoed by king or royal governor.

38.  Reynolds replaced by Henry Ellis after 2 years  1758 – Assembly declared Anglican church the official church; divided Georgia into 8 parishes – Georgia’s first counties  Parishes voted for churchwardens and paid taxes to the church  James Wright replaced Ellis as the 3 rd and final royal governor of Georgia

39.  Fighting well to the north of Georgia; Treaty of Paris 1763 demanded that France and Spain cede large portions of land to Britain  Georgia’s western border moved from Pacific Ocean to Mississippi River  Proclamation of 1763 – King George III ordered creation of Quebec, Grenada, East Florida, and West Florida – reserved all lands west of the Appalachians for Indians

40.  After the war, the Creeks ceded 2 million acres to Georgia – quickly began surveying the land for pioneers  Decided to use headright system to distribute land:  Head of family had right to 100 acres  Plus 50 acres per additional family member, servant, and slave  Family paid recording fees

41.  1738 – Malcontents – group of people who disagreed with trustees slavery policies – petitioned to be allowed to have slaves.  1739 – Highland Scots asked trustees to keep their no slaves policy because they felt it would take away white settlers will to work  1750 – trustees relented and allowed slaves; by 1773 almost ½ of the colonies population were slaves

42.  Children of slaves were to remain slaves  Slaves could not travel outside town or plantation limits without a ticket signed by owner  If a slave struck a white person slave would be severely punished; second offense would be death  Any person making a slave work on Sunday would be fined 10 shillings  Anyone teaching a slave to read or write would be fined 20 pounds

43.  Strict social order with plantation owners and merchants at the top and slaves at the bottom  No education system – children were education by their parents; boys would be taught the family business, girls taught to manage a home  Anglican church was the official church, but other religions include Jewish people were allowed; No Catholics.  John and Charles Wesley created the Methodist church; all Georgians paid taxes to the Anglican Church but could worship where they chose