1. Colonial Ways of Life
Chapter 3

2. Colonial Economies
The colonial economies became the backbone of each individual colony. How they developed socially, ethnically, and politically usually depended on the cash crops and manufactured goods produced.
Identify and label these products on your map as well as major cities.
Create a key
Use the map on page 85 and 92.

3. Culture in the Colonies
Organize into groups: New England colonies, Middle colonies, and Southern colonies
First, identify which colonies are part of your group.
Analyze these colonies in terms of language, social groups, economic system, and religion.
Note your answers in chart form
Finally, select a representative character of your region and write a letter describing the person’s life to family members left behind in Europe. Letters must represent the realities of life in your region.

4. The Southern Colonies
Chapter 3 Section 1

5. The Southern Economy Economy based on agriculture.
Tobacco, first cash crop
Grown for market.
Demand made many Chesapeake Bay farmers wealthy.
Rise of plantations
Large estates where many laborers lived on the land and cultivated the crops for the landowner.

6. What cash crops are grown in the southern colonies?

7. Rice and Indigo in South Carolina
Failed crops: sugarcane and rice
New type of rice introduced
Led to need for West African labor.
Indigo introduced
Could be produced in the rice off season.

8. Southern Society
Wealthy Planters
Small/backcountry farmers
Landless tenant farmers
Indentured Servants
Enslaved Africans
Southern gentry- planter elite, served as representatives in government, commanded local militia, and served as judges.
Backcountry farmers and subsistence farming
Tenant farmers worked land they rented from elite.
Indentured servants sold their labor for food, clothing, and shelter.
4-7 year contracts

9. Bacon’s Rebellion Wealthy planters dominated Virginia society.
Restricted vote and gave tax exemptions to the gentry
Crisis over land
Land for indentured servants and tenant farmers?
Governor Sir William Berkeley refused to extend colony into Native American lands.
Nathaniel Bacon leads a revolt
Seized power from the corrupt Governor.
Slavery increases in Virginia
As a result, Virginia’s government supported expanding westward into Native American lands.
Accelerated use of slave labor.

10. Slavery in the Colonies
Between million Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas between
Roughly 2 million died at sea along the middle passage.
3.5 million to Brazil
1.5 million to Spanish colonies
4 million to the Caribbean
500,000 to North America

11. The Middle Passage Olaudah Equiano reflects on his journey,
“At last, when the ship we were in had got in all her cargo, … we were all put under deck… The closeness of the place, and heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. …. This brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died… the shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable…”

12. Slavery in the Colonies
The first Africans were treated as indentured servants.
Many obtained their freedom by converting to Christianity
1638, Maryland becomes first colony to recognize slavery.
In 1705, Virginia creates a slave code– set of laws that defined the relationship between slaves and free people.

13. New England and the Middle Colonies
Chapter 3 Section 2

14. New England’s Economy
What role did geography play in shaping the economy of the New England region?
Fishing and Whaling
Lumbering and Shipbuilding

15. Life in New England’s Towns
Towns became the heart of New England society.
Town Meetings
Free men elected leaders to the General Court.
Town meetings developed into the local governments; run by elected selectmen
Puritan Society
“Holy watching” and “Doing the Lord’s work”

16. Trade and the Rise of Cities
Triangular Trade
Bills of exchange – credit slips English merchants gave the planters in exchange for their sugar.
Triangular trade – three way trade New England merchants established with the Caribbean colonies and England.
Made many merchants very wealthy and led to new industries in New England.

17. Trade and the Rise of Cities

18. Trade and the Rise of Cities
A New Urban Society
Overcrowding, crime, pollution, and epidemics
Led to increased city governments
Wealthy Merchants
Artisans
Unskilled Laborers

19. Society in the Middle Colonies
Growth of the Middle Colonies
Rivers made it easy for farmers to move their goods to the coast for shipping to markets.
The Wheat Boom
Population explosion and new immigrants led to huge demand for wheat to feed them.
Entrepreneurs- businessmen who risked their money by buying land, equipment, and supplies for profits.
Created capitalists, people who had money to invest in new business.

20. The Imperial System
Chapter 3 Section 3

21. Mercantilism
Mercantilism - The theory that the state’s (country) power depends on its wealth.
Accumulate gold and silver
Sell more than you buy
Be self-sufficient in raw materials/est. colonies where raw materials are
Navigation Acts
All goods imported or exported carried on English ships
Listed specific raw materials that could be sold only to England or other English colonies.
Staple Act required everything the colonies imported to come through England.

22. Mercantilism Problems with Enforcement The Dominion of New England
Massachusetts merchants routinely ignored Acts; smuggled good to Caribbean and Europe
Gov. informed King Charles II Mass. was not required to obey laws made by Parliament unless it was in the interest of Mass to do so.
The Dominion of New England
In 1686 the English government merged Mass, Plymouth, and Rhode Island together to create the Dominion of New England.

23. The Glorious Revolution of 1688
King James II offends many English people.
Revokes town charters
Openly practices Catholicism
A Bloodless Revolution
Parliament invites his Protestant daughter Mary and husband William to take the throne.
James II flees resulting in a bloodless change of power known as the Glorious Revolution.

24. The Glorious Revolution of 1688
The Glorious Revolution in America
William and Mary allow the Dominion of New England to dissolve.
Insist that the Massachusetts governor had to be appointed by the king.
Also changed who could vote in Mass and granted freedom of worship to Anglicans.

25. The Glorious Revolution of 1688
The Legacy of John Locke
Glorious Revolution showed that there were times when revolution against the king was justified.
English philosopher John Locke ( ) writes Two Treatise of Government (1690).
Natural rights – fundamental rights all people are born possessing, including the right to life, liberty, and property.
Kings should not have absolute power, or power without limits.

26. Social Contract
John Locke and other philosophers developed a solution to the problems that exist in a place without government. In a state of nature, people might feel free to do anything they want to do. However, their rights would not be protected and they would feel insecure. Locke argued that people should agree with one another to give up some of their freedom in exchange for protection and security. They should consent to follow some laws in exchange for the protection that these laws would give them. This agreement is called a social compact or social contract. A social compact is an agreement people make among themselves to create a government to rule them and protect their natural rights. In this agreement the people consent to obey the laws created by that government.

27. A Diverse Society
Chapter 3 Section 4

28. Family Life in Colonial America
Population Growth
High birth rates
Immigrants
Women in Colonial Society
In the 1700s, the status of women improved
Health and Disease
Improvements in housing and sanitation helped American colonists resist some diseases.
Cotton Mather develops a small pox vaccine.

29. Immigrants in Colonial America
Group
Where They Settled
Reasons for Immigrating
Germans
Pennsylvania
Pursue religious freedom and escape religious wars.
Scotch-Irish
Pennsylvania, western frontier, southern backcountry
Rising taxes, poor harvests, religious discrimination
Jews
New York, Philadelphia, Charles Town, Savannah, Newport
Religious tolerance

30. Africans in Colonial America
Africans Build a New Culture
Developed own language, religious practices, musical forms
Oppression and Resistance
Authority was maintained through harsh means.
Passive resistance
Stono Rebellion, 1739
75 Africans overpowered their white overseers then headed south to Spanish Florida.
Local militia ended the rebellion, killing Africans.

31. The Enlightenment
Challenged the authority of the church in science and philosophy while elevating the power of human reason.
Rationalism- emphasis on logic and reason
John Locke’s Essay on Human Understanding
Montesquieu and Separation of Political Power
Executive, Legislative, and Judicial

32. The Great Awakening
Pietism- stressed an individuals piety or devoutness and an emotional union with God.
Ministers held revivals, large public meetings for preaching and prayer.
This revival of religious feelings was known as the Great Awakening.
Effects:
Divided congregations in New England
Baptist preaching won converts among poor tenant and backcountry farmers.
New African Christian culture on plantations

33. Factors Contributing to Colonial Population Increase Immigration
Improved housing and sanitation
Smallpox inoculation
Higher birthrate
Enslavement of Africans

34. Study Guide Questions
What cash crops did the economy of the Southern colonies depend on?
Identify the consequences of Bacon’s Rebellion
Why did Southern planters come to rely on enslaved labor?
What role did town meetings play in the New England colonies?
Explain the Triangular Trade and how it contributed to the rise of cities.
How did the ideas of John Locke contribute to revolutionary ideas in the American colonies?
Explain how the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening influenced the American colonies.
What factors and motivations drove immigration to the American colonies in the 1700s?