1. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey USA robock@envsci.rutgers.edu http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~robock Climate Dynamics 11:670:461 Lecture 5, 9/18/14

2. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.26 Annual mean precipitation (mm/day)

3. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.27 Seasonal mean precipitation (mm/day)

4. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.27 Seasonal mean precipitation (mm/day) Fig. 2.27

5. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.27 Seasonal mean precipitation (mm/day)

6. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Seasonal mean precipitation (mm/day) Fig. 2.27

7. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Seasonal mean precipitation (mm/day) Fig. 2.27

8. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Seasonal mean precipitation (mm/day) Fig. 2.27

9. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.28 JJA Annual DJF

10. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.29 Annual mean evaporation (mm/day)

11. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.30 Seasonal mean specific humidity (g H 2 O/kg air) pressure (mb)

12. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.31 or g H 2 O/kg air

13. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.32 Clausius- Clapeyron relation -22 -4 14

14. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.33

15. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.34 Sea ice extent climatology 1979-2000

16. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.35 Sea ice extent July-October

17. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 3.1

18. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

19. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 3.3 SST on the Equator (K) (Hovmöller diagram)

20. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Surface temperatures DJF 1987/88 El Niño (K) (b) Surface temperature anomalies DJF 1987/88 El Niño (K) Niño3.4 region Fig. 3.4

21. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Surface temperatures DJF 1998/99 La Niña (K) (b) Surface temperature anomalies DJF 1998/99 La Niña (K) Fig. 3.5

22. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 3.6 Niño3.4 anomalies with respect to 1971-2000 mean 11-month running mean

23. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

24. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 3.8 Climatology DJF 900 mb

25. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 3.9 NAO AO

26. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 3.10 Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)

27. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 3.11 Sahel precipitation, July-September 10ºW-10ºE, 11ºN-16ºN http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/sahel.jpg

28. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v3/Fig.A2.pdf Recovery from volcanic eruptions dominates Tropospheric aerosols mask warming (global dimming) Greenhouse gases dominate

29. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Temperature index change (with the base period 1951- 1980) since 1950 at seasonal resolution, for the globe (upper line) and for low latitudes (lower line). [This is an update of Figure 7 in Hansen et al. (1999).] Green triangles mark large volcanic eruptions. SST at Nino 3.4 is the 12-month running mean.Hansen et al. (1999) http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gi stemp/graphs_v3/Fig.E.pdf

30. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Mann et al. (1999)

31. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Figure 19: Northern Hemisphere reconstructed temperature change since 200 AD

32. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences From IPCC AR4 Technical Summary