1. www.kostic.niu.edu Energy Fundamentals and Future: An ENERGY Lecture at Importance of Energy Conservation and Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources Prof. M. Kostic Mechanical Engineering NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) Shanghai, China, January 6, 2008

2. www.kostic.niu.edu Energy Fundamentals and Future: An ENERGY Lecture at Importance of Energy Conservation and Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources Prof. M. Kostic Mechanical Engineering NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY Zhejiang University (ZJU) Hangzhou, China, January 6, 2008

3. www.kostic.niu.edu Earth Energy Balance: All energy to Earth surface is 99.98 % solar, 0.02% geothermal, and 0.002% tidal-gravitational. About 14 TW world energy consumption rate now (0.008% of solar striking Earth) is about 6 times smaller than global photosynthesis (all life), the latter is only 0.05% of total solar, and global atmospheric water and wind are about 1% of solar. Source: Basic Research Needs To Assure A Secure Energy Future, ORNL Report, 2003

4. www.kostic.niu.edu “From the Sovereign Sun … …to the deluge of photons out of the astounding compaction and increase of power-density in computer chips …” One hour of solar energy falling on Earth could power the World for a year

5. www.kostic.niu.edu What is Energy ? “From the sovereign Sun to the deluge of photons out of the astounding compaction and increase of power-density in computer chips …

6. www.kostic.niu.edu What is Energy ? “From the Sovereign Sun to the deluge of photons out of the astounding compaction and increase of power-density in computer chips …

7. www.kostic.niu.edu What is Energy ? If one could expel all energy out of a physical system … then empty, nothing will be left … … so ENERGY is EVERYTHING … E=mc 2

8. www.kostic.niu.edu Material system structure and related forces and energies

9. www.kostic.niu.edu ENERGY-Structure/Property (Existence) and ENERGY-Transfer/Exchange (Change/Progress) "... Energy is the ‘‘building block’’ and fundamental property of matter and space and, thus, the fundamental property of existence."... Energy is the ‘‘building block’’ and fundamental property of matter and space and, thus, the fundamental property of existence. Energy exchanges or transfers are associated with all processes (or changes) and, thus, are indivisible from time."Energy exchanges or transfers are associated with all processes (or changes) and, thus, are indivisible from time."

10. www.kostic.niu.edu YES! Miracles are possible ! It may look ‘ perpetuum mobile ’ but miracles are real too … … we could not comprehend energy conservation until 1850s: (mechanical energy was escaping without being noticed) … we may not comprehend now new energy conversions and wrongly believe they are not possible: (“cold fusion” seems impossible for now … ?) …….Let us keep our eyes and our minds ‘open’ ……….. Things and Events are both, MORE but also LESS complex than how they appear and we ‘see’ them-- it is natural simplicity in real complexity

11. www.kostic.niu.edu YES! Miracles are possible ! … but there is NO ideal ‘Things and Events’ … … there are no ideal things, no ideal rigid body, no ideal gas, no perfect elasticity, no adiabatic boundary, no frictionless/reversible process, no perfect equilibrium, not even steady-state process … … there are always processes - energy in transfer or motion, all things/everything ARE energy in motion with unavoidable process irreversibilities, however, in limit, an infinitesimally slow process with negligible irreversibility appears as instant reversible equilibrium – thus, everything is relative with regard to different space and time scales … … there are always processes - energy in transfer or motion, all things/everything ARE energy in motion with unavoidable process irreversibilities, however, in limit, an infinitesimally slow process with negligible irreversibility appears as instant reversible equilibrium – thus, everything is relative with regard to different space and time scales … ….Let us keep our eyes and our minds ‘open’ ……….. ….Let us keep our eyes and our minds ‘open’ ……….. ‘Things and Events’ are both, MORE but also LESS complex than how they appear and we ‘see’ them-- it is natural simplicity in real complexity

12. www.kostic.niu.edu Global Energy and Future: Importance of Energy Conservation and Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources 2000 kcal/day  100 Watt USA over 0.3 billion 11,500 Watt/c 1,500 W el /c World over 6.5 billion 2,200 Watt/c 300 W el /c Solar 1.37 kW/m 2, but only 12% over-all average 165 W/m 2

13. www.kostic.niu.edu Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for next 50 years 1.ENERGY (critical for the rest nine) 2.Water 3.Food 4.Environment 5.Poverty 6.Terrorism & War 7.Disease 8.Education 9.Democracy 10. Population 2006: 6.5 Billion People 10 10 2050: 8-10 Billion ( 10 10 ) People

14. www.kostic.niu.edu What Are We Waiting For? (1) An Energy Crisis ?(1) An Energy Crisis ? (2) A Global Environmental Problem?(2) A Global Environmental Problem? (3) A Technology Boom?(3) A Technology Boom? or Leadershipor Leadership

15. www.kostic.niu.edu The biggest single challenge for the next few decades by 2050 (1) ENERGY for 10 10 people(1) ENERGY for 10 10 people (2) At MINIMUM we need additional 10 TeraWatts (150 Mill. BOE/day) from some new clean energy source(2) At MINIMUM we need additional 10 TeraWatts (150 Mill. BOE/day) from some new clean energy source We simply can not do this with current technology! We simply can not do this with current technology! We need LeadershipWe need Leadership

16. www.kostic.niu.edu YES! Thermodynamics an almost forgotten science will provide vision for the future energy solutions … a science of ENERGY … the Mother of all sciences … check-and-balance ENERGY accounting … Energy efficiency enhancement and optimization … provides VISION and future ENERGY solutions FUNDAMENTALS & APPLICATIONS of ENERGY

17. www.kostic.niu.edu I am first and formost a Thermodynamicist

18. www.kostic.niu.edu How To “Use” Energy ?

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20. EEE-Global & Physics articles More Encyclopedia ArticlesMore Encyclopedia Articles

21. www.kostic.niu.edu Nanotechnology potentials … Enabling Nanotech Revolution(s) Nanotech to the rescue …Enabling Nanotech Revolution(s) Nanotech to the rescue … (1) Nano multifunctional materials (2) Nano electronics & super-computers (3) Nano sensors & actuators (4) Nano devices & robotics (5) Nano photovoltaics & photocatalitics (6) Nano super-conductors (adv. transmission and el. motors) (7) Nano energy-storage (adv. batteries & hydrogen) (8) Nano bio-materials (synthetic fuels, pharmaceuticals, …) Some examples: Etc Some examples: Armchair Wire Project: electrical conductivity of copper at 1/6 the weight with negligible eddy currents Single Crystal Fullerene Nanotube Arrays … (Etc.) Wet-Nanotechnology: nanofluids at NIU In collaboration with ANL www.kostic.niu.edu/DR nanofluids

22. www.kostic.niu.edu Population & Energy: Unrestricted Exponential Growth About one million years ago our own species, homo sapiens, first appeared, strived most of the history and boomed with agricultural and industrial revolution. We are over 6 billion now.About one million years ago our own species, homo sapiens, first appeared, strived most of the history and boomed with agricultural and industrial revolution. We are over 6 billion now. Standard of living and energy use have been growing almost exponentially due to abundance of resources.Standard of living and energy use have been growing almost exponentially due to abundance of resources. The growth will be naturally restricted with overpopulation and resource depletion as we know it.The growth will be naturally restricted with overpopulation and resource depletion as we know it. Time in history Population in millions Most of BC history 10 due to hardship AD 1300 1750760 18001,000 19502,500 20006,000

23. www.kostic.niu.edu The two things are certain (1) the world population and their living-standard expectations will substantially increase (over 6 billion people now, in 50 years 10-11 billion - energy may double)(1) the world population and their living-standard expectations will substantially increase (over 6 billion people now, in 50 years 10-11 billion - energy may double) (2) fossil fuels’ economical reserves, particularly oil and natural gas, will substantially decrease (oil may run out in 30-50 years)(2) fossil fuels’ economical reserves, particularly oil and natural gas, will substantially decrease (oil may run out in 30-50 years)

24. Some Headlines…: It took World 125 years to consume the first trillion barrels of oil – the next trillion will be consumed in 30 years.It took World 125 years to consume the first trillion barrels of oil – the next trillion will be consumed in 30 years. The World consumes two barrels of oil for every barrel discovered.The World consumes two barrels of oil for every barrel discovered. Only “Human Power” can deliver MORE energy with LOWER emissionOnly “Human Power” can deliver MORE energy with LOWER emission

25. www.kostic.niu.edu More Challenges/Headlines … We need new ENERGY FUTURE ! If it does not exist, we have to INVENT IT !We need new ENERGY FUTURE ! If it does not exist, we have to INVENT IT ! Saving a lot of energy should not take a lot of energySaving a lot of energy should not take a lot of energy Only “Human Power” can deliver MORE energy with LOWER emissionOnly “Human Power” can deliver MORE energy with LOWER emission

26. www.kostic.niu.edu The challenges facing us… Economic Competitiveness Environmental Pollution Growing Petroleum Consumption

27. www.kostic.niu.edu Hubber’s Peak: A short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen),

28. www.kostic.niu.edu Source: OTT Analytic Team World automobile population is expected to grow substantially

29. www.kostic.niu.edu World Energy Use World Fuel Mix 2001 oil gas coal nucl renew EIA Intl Energy Outlook 2004 85% fossil 2100: 46 TW 2050: 30 TW Hoffert et al Nature 395, 883,1998 1 TWyr=31.56 EJ=5.89 bbl

30. www.kostic.niu.edu Coal Energy Must Be Efficient to be competitive … from 30% Classical … to 60% Combined Cycle Gas/Steam Turbine Power Plant or even 85% Combined Power-Heat Plant

31. www.kostic.niu.edu Vehicle Energy Efficiencies … from 15-25 MPG Classical … to 50 MPG Hybrid It is possible !!!

32. www.kostic.niu.edu About 20% About 0.2 % … also first steam engine

33. www.kostic.niu.edu Efficient: do MORE with LESS Improve true (2 nd Law) efficiency by conserving energy potentials: REGENERATE before “diluting” and loosing it! Power “Waste” Heat & CO 2 Low efficiency Indirectly Regenerated Heat & CO 2 Directly Regenerated Heat & CO 2 High Efficiency

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42. about 20% efficiency about 75% efficiency about 50% efficiency about 33% efficiency

43. www.kostic.niu.edu 2.8 % 46% of 6% =2.8 %

44. www.kostic.niu.edu World now: 13 TWyr /yr  410 EJ/yr About 88 years: 60 coal, 14 oil, and 14 gas. Distinguish between “Proven” (above) and “Estimated” reserves

45. www.kostic.niu.edu Energy Challenges: Local/Regional Pollution the six principal air pollutants (not including CO 2 ) origin secondary effect hazard SOx impurities in fuel acid rain particilates health, crops corrosion NOx high T combustion in air particulates ozone, acid rain health CO incomplete combustion health, reduced O 2 delivery Particulatescombustion sunlight + NOx/SOx health Pb chemical industryhealth ground ozone sunlight + NOx + organics respiratory vegetation pollution zones near sources urban areas, power plants acid rain

46. www.kostic.niu.edu So, what are we going to do? Do we need CASH for ALCOHOL research?

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52. The renewable biomass (BM) energy and development of synthetic hydro-carbons … The renewable biomass energy (BM) and development of will be very important if not critical for substitution of fossil fuels…The renewable biomass energy (BM) and development of synthetic hydro-carbons (SynHC) will be very important if not critical for substitution of fossil fuels… … since they are of fossil fuels, the existing energy infrastructure could be easily adapted… since they are natural extensions of fossil fuels, the existing energy infrastructure could be easily adapted global during renewable biomass production.global CO 2 emission will be balanced during renewable biomass production. BM&SynHC particularly for energy storage and use in transportation to replace fossil fuels,BM&SynHC particularly promising for energy storage and use in transportation to replace fossil fuels,

53. www.kostic.niu.edu Hydrogen versus Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons … … especially considering the Hydrogen facts: (1) as primary energy source(1) hydrogen does not exist in nature as primary energy source (2) (from hydrocarbons or water) is (always net-negative, energy storage only)(2) hydrogen production (from hydrocarbons or water) is energy inefficient (always net-negative, energy storage only) (3) are facing a that cannot be economically resolved with present state of knowledge(3) hydrogen storage and distribution are facing a host of problems that cannot be economically resolved with present state of knowledge

54. www.kostic.niu.edu Hydrogen versus Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons (2) Instead of going ‘against’ the nature with hydrogen … H H-H H-C-… H … we should go ‘’ with nature with biomass energy and development of synthetic hydro-carbons. … we should go ‘along’ with nature with biomass energy and development of synthetic hydro-carbons.

55. www.kostic.niu.edu Hydro and Biomass & Waste

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58. Biomass and Biorefinery Summary: Biomass is the only sustainable source of hydrocarbon-based fuels, petrochemicals, and plasticsBiomass is the only sustainable source of hydrocarbon-based fuels, petrochemicals, and plastics Large national and world-wide biomass resource baseLarge national and world-wide biomass resource base Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Will diversify and reinvigorate rural economyWill diversify and reinvigorate rural economy Bio-refineries utilize residue from existing industryBio-refineries utilize residue from existing industry

59. www.kostic.niu.edu The energy “difficulties” … (1) will be more challenging than what we anticipate now(1) will be more challenging than what we anticipate now (2) NO traditional solutions(2) NO traditional solutions (3) New knowledge, new technology, and new living habits and expectations will be needed(3) New knowledge, new technology, and new living habits and expectations will be needed

60. www.kostic.niu.edu Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1.Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2.Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3.Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4.Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5.Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6.Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7.Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8.Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

61. www.kostic.niu.edu Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1.Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2.Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3.Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4.Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5.Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6.Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7.Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8.Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

62. www.kostic.niu.edu Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1.Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2.Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3.Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4.Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5.Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6.Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7.Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8.Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

63. www.kostic.niu.edu Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1.Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2.Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3.Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4.Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5.Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6.Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7.Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8.Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

64. www.kostic.niu.edu Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1.Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2.Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3.Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4.Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5.Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6.Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7.Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8.Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

65. www.kostic.niu.edu Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1.Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2.Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3.Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4.Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5.Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6.Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7.Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8.Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

66. www.kostic.niu.edu Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1.Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2.Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3.Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4.Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5.Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6.Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7.Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8.Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

67. www.kostic.niu.edu Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1.Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2.Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3.Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4.Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5.Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6.Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7.Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8.Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

68. www.kostic.niu.edu Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1.Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2.Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3.Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4.Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5.Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6.Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7.Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8.Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

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70. Thanks (for sharing their presentations with me) to: Dr. George Crabtree, Thanks (for sharing their presentations with me) to: Dr. George Crabtree, Materials Science Division Dr. Romesh Kumar Dr. Romesh Kumar, Chemical Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory A number of Data Slides are taken from: Energy in World History by V. Smil (Westwiew Press, Inc., 1994)

71. www.kostic.niu.edu More information at: www.kostic.niu.edu/energy 2000 kcal/day  100 Watt World Prod. 2,200 Watt/p 275 W elec /p USA Prod. 12,000 Watt/p 1500 W elec /p Solar 1.37 kW/m 2, but only 12% over-all average 165 W/m2