1. 080125© M. Kostic Prof. M. Kostic Dean P. Vohra Mechanical Engineering NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY NIU-Engineering Energy Research Activities and Challenges The 5th WSEAS International Conference on HEAT and MASS TRANSFER ( WSEAS - HMT'08 ) Acapulco, Mexico, January 25-27, 2009

2. 080125© M. Kostic NIU Engineering research in energy/fluids/thermal area : j innovative fuel-cells, j advanced heat-transfer nanofluids, j alternative and renewable energy resources Fig. 1: NIU College of Engineering and Engineering Technology is embracing critical energy education and research with innovations and collaboration with nearby Argonne and Fermi National Laboratories; NIU’s Institute for Nano Science, Engineering, and Technology (InSET), Physics, Chemistry and other departments; as well as with other regional institutions and industry [1-5]. Energy use trough history (on right) [6, 7].

3. 080125© M. Kostic EEE-Global & Physics articles j More Encyclopedia Articles

4. 080125© M. Kostic Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for next 50 years 1. ENERGY (critical for the rest nine) 2. Water 3. Food 4. Environment 5. Poverty 6. Terrorism & War 7. Disease 8. Education 9. Democracy 10. Population 2006: 6.5 Billion People 2050: 8-10 Billion ( 10 10 ) People

5. 080125© M. Kostic What Are We Waiting For? j (1) An Energy Crisis ? j (2) A Global Environmental Problem? j (3) An Asian Technology Boom? j or Leadership

6. 080125© M. Kostic The biggest single challenge for the next few decades by 2050 j (1) ENERGY for 10 10 people j (2) At MINIMUM we need additional 10 TeraWatts (150 Mill. BOE/day) from some new clean energy source j We simply can not do this with current technology! j We need Leadership

7. 080125© M. Kostic The two things are certain j (1) the world population and their living-standard expectations will substantially increase (over 6 billion people now, in 50 years 10-11 billion - energy may double) j (2) fossil fuels’ economical reserves, particularly oil and natural gas, will substantially decrease (oil may run out in 30-50 years)

8. 080125© M. Kostic The energy “difficulties” … j (1) will be more challenging than what we anticipate now j (2) NO traditional solutions j (3) New knowledge, new technology, and new living habits and expectations will be needed

9. 080125© M. Kostic NIU College of Engineering and Engineering Technology … is embracing critical energy education and research … is embracing critical energy education and research j with innovations and collaboration with nearby Argonne and Fermi National Laboratories; j NIU’s Institute for Nano Science, Engineering, and Technology (InSET), j Physics, Chemistry and other departments; j as well as with other regional institutions and industry

10. 080125© M. Kostic Freedom Field … … a unique energy initiative that could become “one-of-a-kind energy landmark” and may have enormous potential for economic growth in our region and globally

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13. 080125© M. Kostic Fuel cells … … hold unique potential as an efficient electrochemical device to utilize diverse energies stored in hydrogen as virtually non- polluting source of energy by A. Bose and P. Vohra; other collaborators: B. Dabrowski, P. Majumdar, D. Zinger, and others.

14. 080125© M. Kostic Advanced nanofluids … Improved, Teflon-coated Platinum Hot-Wire Thermal Conductivity (HWTC) cell for nanofluid TC measurements. Improved, patent-pending new-design for the one-step, direct-evaporation nanofluid production apparatus.

15. 080125© M. Kostic Advanced Coal and CO 2 Sequestration… Landmark FutureGen Industrial Alliance's clean-coal project with carbon-dioxide sequestration may revolutionize coal energy production

16. 080125© M. Kostic Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

17. 080125© M. Kostic Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

18. 080125© M. Kostic Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

19. 080125© M. Kostic Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

20. 080125© M. Kostic Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

21. 080125© M. Kostic Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

22. 080125© M. Kostic Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

23. 080125© M. Kostic Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

24. 080125© M. Kostic Energy Future Outlook: …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible… 1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era) 2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life) 3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors) 4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs 5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency) 6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals) 7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…) 8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)

25. 080125© M. Kostic

26. 080125© M. Kostic For further Info you may contact Prof. Kostic at: kostic@niu.edu or on the Web: www.kostic.niu.edu Prof. M. Kostic Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY