1. THE CONTESTED PLAINS
I. The Rifle and the Peace Pipe.
A. Red Cloud’s War.
B. The Great Peace Commission and its Treaties.
C. The Aftermath of Sand Creek.
D. Crow, Arikara, and Pawnee Scouts.
II. The “Peace Policy” and the End of Military Resistance on the Plains.
A. Phil Sheridan and His Tactics.
B. The Red River War, 1874.
C. The Great Sioux War,
III. The End of the Indian Wars.

2. I. The Rifle and the Peace Pipe.

3. A. Red Cloud’s War.

4. Lakota Expansion

5. Lakota Dominance s
Lakota Raiding Party
Sitting Bull

6. Red Cloud’s War

7. Fetterman Massacre
December 21, 1866

8. B. The Great Peace Commission and its Treaties.

9. The Doolittle Report.
Indians were in rapid decline because of contact with whites and their vices.
White encroachments were the cause of nearly all Indian-white conflict in the West.
Reservations offered the only solution to save the Indian.
Civilian authorities, not the military, should oversee the assimilation of Indians on the reservations.
Sen. James R. Doolittle

10. Peace Commission of
Fort Laramie Council

13. C. The Aftermath of Sand Creek.

14. Smoldering Conflict
Julesburg, Colorado attacked twice in retaliation for Sand Creek.
Treaty of the Little Arkansas in October 1865.
Rumors of renewed hostility lead to Winfield Scott Hancock’s campaign in Spring 1867.
Medicine Lodge Creek Treaty in October 1867.
Sand Creek Massacre, November 29, 1864

15. Battle of Beecher’s Island
September 17, 1868

17. Summit Springs July 11, 1869

18. D. Crow, Arikara, and Pawnee Scouts.

19. Wolves for Blue Soldiers
Throughout the history of the Indian Wars numerous Native groups chose to act as scouts for the United States.
On the Great Plains the most famous came from three peoples. In each case they had long standing conflicts with the expanding Lakotas and their allies.
Outlet for Warrior culture as well as pay are also factors.
Bloody Knife, Arikara

20. Crow Scouts at the Little Bighorn
White-Man-Runs-Him, Hairy Moccasin, Curly, and Goes Ahead visit battlefield, 1913.

21. Custer’s Crow Scouts in 1908 Edward S. Curtis Photograph.

22. North’s Pawnee Scouts Surviving Pawnee Scouts, 1911 John Buffalo
John Box
High Eagle
Seeing Eagle
Captain Jim
James R Murie
Belly Osborne
Surviving Pawnee Scouts, 1911

23. II. The “Peace Policy” and the End of Military Resistance on the Plains.

24. A. Phil Sheridan and His Tactics.

25. Phil Sheridan and his Senior Officers

26. Destruction of the Buffalo

27. Site of Marias or Baker Massacre
January 23, 1870

28. B. The Red River War, 1874.

29. The Red River War
Kiowa Illustration of Buffalo Wallow Fight

31. C. The Great Sioux War,

32. Seventh Cavalry Expedition in Black Hills, 1874

34. Sitting Bull, Hunkpapa Lakota

36. Rain in the Face
Lakota
TwoMoons, Cheyenne
Gall, Lakota

40. Lakota Prisoners after Battle of Slim Buttes

41. III. The End of the Indian Wars.

42. Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War
1877

43. The Flight of the Nez Perce

44. Camp Grant Massacre, April 30, 1871
Photo of Trial in Tucson

45. Geronimo meets with Gen. George Crook.

46. Geronimo (right) and Apache Warriors