2. All organisms are made up of Organic Molecules We all share a common organic biochemistry!

3. Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of Carbon! Organic Chemistry vs. Inorganic Chemistry C, H, O, N, P, S All Elements Large # of Atoms Small # of Atoms Associated with Life Associated with Nonliving NaCl

4. Introduction to Organic Molecules “Biochemistry” All organic molecules contain the element CARBON All organic molecules can only be made by living things, hence term “BIO” (= living) chemistry. Most Organic molecules are called the “macronutrients” because they are needed in large quantities by the body. The main organic molecules include carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Vitamins are also organic molecules but they are needed in small quantities, hence the term “micronutrient.”

5. Organic Molecules Are Held Together by COVALENT BONDS -“Co” means share and “valent” refers to valence or “outer” electrons. Therefore, valence electrons are shared. -Opposite of ionic bonds: in ionic bonds, electrons are transferred from one atom to another to form charged ions. -Carbon has four outer or valence electrons: This is Carbon’s Lewis Dot Diagram. A Dot diagram only shows the valence electrons…These electrons form Covalent bonds with other atoms.

6. Covalent Bonds form when BOTH atoms need to gain electrons to become stable: -Hydrogen needs to gain 1 more electron to complete its shell (2) -Carbon needs to gain four more electrons to complete its shell (8) -Since both want to gain, they will share electrons to become stable:

7. http://ithacasciencezone.com/chemzone/lessons/03bonding/mleebonding/covalent_bonds.htm Covalent bond animation 1.How many valence electrons in a hydrogen atom? _________________ 2.Hydrogen needs ______ more electron (s) to become stable. 3.Carbon has ______ valence electrons. 4.Carbon atoms require ______ more electrons to become stable. 5.The lines in the molecule to the right of the diagram above represent ________ bonds. 6.Each line in the molecule to the right represent ______ electrons (how many)?

8. Carbon can form many bonds! Can store/release lots of energy Carbon can build large molecules

9. The compound methane contains one carbon bonded to four hydrogen's. The compound ethane contains two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms. CH 4 C 2 H 6

10. Molecules contain 2 or more atoms bonded together!!! Most organic molecules are Macromolecules (Really Big!) Macromolecules are formed by…… Polymerization

11. Monomers Polymers -Process called Dehydration Synthesis -Many bonds formed by removing water -Energy Stored http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htm http://www.uwsp.edu/chemistry/tzamis/condensationpolymer.html Animations of Deyhdration Synthesis

12. Polymers Monomers Process called Hydrolysis Bonds broken by adding water Energy is released Energy is released! http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=7&debug=0 Animations on hydrolysis!!!

13. Examples of Organic Compounds Glucose Lipid protein Vitamin C