1. MESOPOTAMIA

2. WHAT IS MESOPOTAMIA?

3. IT IS THE “LAND BETWEEN THE RIVERS” (ACCORDING TO THE ANCIENT GREEKS)

4. WHERE IS MESOPOTAMIA?

5. IT IS IN SOUTHWEST ASIA (SOMETIMES CALLED THE “MIDDLE EAST”)

6. SOUTHWEST ASIA IS HERE

7. WHAT ARE THE TWO RIVERS?

8. 1.THE TIGRIS 2.THE EUPHRATES

9. ◄ SOURCE OF THE TIGRIS RIVER ◄ SOURCE OF THE EUPHRATES RIVER TURKEY ◄ SHATT AL-ARAB: THE MOUTH OF THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS

10. THE TIGRIS RIVER NEAR IT’S SOURCE IN TURKEY

11. THE TIGRIS RIVER NEAR MOSUL IN IRAQ

12. THE EUPHRATES RIVER DAM IN TURKEY

13. THE EUPHRATES RIVER AS IT FLOWS THROUGH SYRIA

14. THE EUPHRATES RIVER IN IRAQ

20. HOW DO YOU KNOW A CIVILIZATION WHEN YOU FIND ONE?

21. The Traits of the First Civilizations

22. …YA’ GOTTA’ HAVE WRITING!

23. ◄ STYLUS

24. CUNEIFORM LETTER AND ENVELOPE!

25. SCRIBE

27. CYLINDER ROLLS

28. …YA’ GOTTA’ HAVE CITIES!

32. …YA’ GOTTA’ HAVE FARMING!

36. IRRIGATION

38. …YA’ GOTTA’ HAVE KINGS!

41. …YA’ GOTTA’ HAVE ARMIES!

44. …YA’ GOTTA’ HAVE RELIGION!

45. A ZIGGURAT

51. …YA’ GOTTA’ HAVE COMPLEX INSTITUTIONS!

52. AN INSTITUTION IS A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE A SPECIFIC PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS ARE COMPLEX INSTITUTIONS ARMIES ARE COMPLEX INSTITUTIONS RELIGIONA ARE COMPLEX INSTITUTIONS

53. …YA’ GOTTA’ HAVE SPECIALIZED WORKERS!

54. 1.WORKERS BUILT HOUSES 2.WORKERS MADE JEWELRY 3.WORKERS SEWED CLOTHES 4.WORKERS CREATED POTTERY 5.WORKER COOPERATED ON PROJECTS SUCH AS CANALS

55. …YA’ GOTTA’ HAVE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY!

56. 1.PEOPLE CREATED NEW TOOLS AND USED NEW MATERIALS 2.SUMERIANS INVENTED THE WHEEL 3.SUMERIANS INVENTED IRRIGATION CANALS 4.SUMERIANS BEGAN TO MAKE TOOLS OUT OF BRONZE INSTEAD OF COPPER. (BRONZE IS COPPER AND TIN MIXED. BRONZE IS HARDER THAN COPPER.)

58. 3. Complex Institutions: In time, religion and government became institutions. An institution is a group of people who have a specific purpose. Often it exists to help society meet its needs. For example, schools are institutions that exist to educate children. An army is an institution that exists to protect society. Sometimes society uses an army to conquer others.

59. 2. Specialized workers: In general, society needs food surpluses before civilization can develop. Having a food surplus allows people to do other types of work besides farming. Workers can specialize, which means to do a job that requires special skills. For example, workers built houses, made jewelry, sewed clothes, or created pottery. When people specialize, the quality of their work improves because they can develop their skill. Because cities are crowded, people must learn to live together. They also have to cooperate on projects, such as building irrigation canals. As a result, some people took on the job of organizing society. In some early cities, priests did that job. They ran society and acted as judges.

60. 2. Advanced Cities: Civilization is closely linked to life in cities. At first, cities became important because farmers needed a place to store and trade their surplus grain. As cities grew, they began to offer other advantages. For example, in some cities there were large temples where people prayed. Cities also offered many different types of work.

61. 1. Record Keeping (writing): Societies must keep track of many things. For example, the rulers may want to measure the food supplies stored in the city. Keeping records usually involves writing, but not always. In Sumer, people started by using wooden counting sticks. Later, they invented the world’s first system of writing.

62. 5. Advanced Technology: Societies advance as people learn better ways to do things. For example, the people of the Fertile Crescent learned to use canals to irrigate crops. They also created new tools and used new materials. For instance, the Mesopotamians began to make tools of bronze (a mixture of copper and tin). Bronze tools replaced tools made of copper, which is a softer metal).

63. HAMMURABI AND HIS CODE

68. Civilizations first appeared in Mesopotamia, in what is now Iraq… …then in Egypt Civilizations thrived in the Indus Valley by 2500 BCE, in China by 1500 BCE In Central America, what is now Mexico, by 1200 BCE Civilizations developed on every continent except Antarctica