1. In Anticipation of Obstacles for NCLB Presented by the “Bush” Team: Jennifer Brodar, Stephanie Fakharzadeh, Sol Bee Jung, Kerry O'Grady, and Chris Wrightson

2. From the Oval Office  A blueprint of the bill was sent to congress - not a draft bill  After inauguration, only 1 weekend before submitted to Congress  Wanted a bipartisan bill & knew any language from administration could be divisive  Great political move  Onus on the legislators  If it failed, could blame the Democrats  Administration above the fray, not bogged down in details  Wanted annual testing & early childhood literacy  Vouchers and how tests were used not important

3. Senate  Jim Jeffords (R): HELP Committee Chair  Previously produced a bill that was too far left for Bush  Administration feared he would ally with Kennedy (D) & produce a bill with Clinton-era priorities  Administration intentionally alienated both Jeffords and Kennedy, dealing with New Democrats  Result: New Democrats insisted on Kennedy being brought into the fold  Ended with a bipartisan bill with a Dem heavyweight Photo From The Guardian

4. Governors  Pressuring White House to weaken the AYP language  Concerns of individual subgroups  Too many schools would be identified as failing  Expensive & politically embarrassing  Jeffords’ staff director ran a series of analyses which indicated vast majority of schools a variety of states would be labeled as failures  Result: Kress rewrote the AYP formula “Rube Goldbergesque”  Debated on the Senate floor for 7 weeks  House takes the lead in move the legislation

5. House of Representatives  John Boehner – chairman of the Education and Workforce Committee  Created new subcommittee for Ed Reform – but separate group for this bill  Introduced bill with annual testing, Straight A’s block grants, vouchers, and aid to faith-based organizations, no mention of NAEP  Result: End bill leaned democrat – Boehner distributed a fact sheet titled “H.R. 1 – What’s In It for Conservatives?”  Ultimate vote was lopsided 384-45 with GOP making up ¾ of no’s

6. The Real Work Begins  Unrest in both chambers  Jeffords switch caucuses, tipping the balance of power in the Senate  September 11 th  “The Big Four”  Boehner, Miller, Kennedy, & Gregg  Bill passes:  December 13 – House 381-41  December 18 – Senate 87-10 Photo from USA Today

7. Reasons for Success  Alliance between New Democrats and Republicans  The election of a new President meant the republican legislators wanted the president to succeed after the Bush v. Gore ruling  Unorthodox organizational structure of the process of NCLB  New language of accountability, which brought GOP to the table

8. References Goldhaber, Dan D. “School Choice: An Examination of the Empirical Evidence on Achievement, Parental Decision Making, and Equity.” Educational Researcher 28, no. 9 (December 1, 1999): 16–25. doi:10.3102/0013189X028009016. Hamilton, L., Stecher, B., & Yuan, K. (2008). Standards-Based Reform in the United States: History, Research, and Future Directions. Rotherham, A., & Insitute, P. P. (1999). Toward performance-based federal education funding. Policy Report. Rudalevige, A. (2002). Accountability and Avoidance in the Bush Education Plan: The "No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.“ Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED468543.pdf Stanford University. (2000). History of standards based reform. Retrieved from http://web.stanford.edu/~hakuta/www/archives/syllabi/CalTex_SBR/ historysbr.html

9. Thank you!