1. Chapter 15
The Urinary System

2. Anatomy of the Kidney
General
filter all blood every 30 minutes
kidneys organs of excretion
eliminate nitrogenous wastes (urea)
eliminate toxins
eliminate drugs
excess ions
excess water
metabolic wastes

3. Regulate blood volume
make enzymes for blood pressure and red blood cell productions
composition of system
paired kidneys
urinary bladder
ureters
urethra
renal blood supply
renal artery --> kidney
kidney --> renal vein

4. Nephrons functional unit of kidney glomerulus bowman’s capsule
1 million per kidney, clean blood form urine
glomerulus
ball of capillaries, forces material to be filtered into
bowman’s capsule
transports materials (filtrate) into tubule
renal tubule
1.25 inches
proximal convoluted tubule - reabsorption of water and solutes
loop of henle - reabsorption of Na and Cl ions
distal convoluted tubule - reabsorption of water
Na, Cl
collecting tubule
contains urine - nitrogenous wastes, water and salts

7. Label with functions

8. Urine Formation Filtration Reabsorption Secretion glomerulus
blood pressure
nonselective
Reabsorption
tubules --> capillaries
materials which need to be returned to blood
Secretion
capillaries --> tubules get rid of substances not contained in the filtrate

9. Kidney Control of Blood Composition
Nitrogenous wastes
urea - break down of proteins
uric acid - breakdown of nucleic acids
creatinine - breakdown of creatine phosphate CP
Water and electrolyte balance
water
ADH ~ water to be reabsorbed
aldosterone ~ causes Na + to be going back to blood
polyuria ~ lose water and salt, DEHYDRATED
ANH ~ atrail natriueretic hormone lose Na+, lose water
electrolytes
Na +, K +, Cl -, Ca ++

11. Blood acid - base balance
blood pH
alkalosis
acidosis
buffers
pH goes up when kidneys excrete bicarbonate ions
pH goes down when kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate ions

12. Urine Characteristics
Urinalysis
physical aspects – color, clarity, specific gravity, odor
chemical aspects - water, urea, salt, ions, pH
microscopic aspects – types of cells
Characteristics
color - clear to yellow
clarity - transparent
odor - odorless
pH to 8
specific gravity

13. Urine output volume abnormal urine 1-2 liters per day
95 % water 5% organic and inorganic
volume
dilute urine or concentrated urine
Factors- heat, amount of sweat produced amount of liquids consumed, salt in diet
abnormal urine
glucose (glycosuria) ,
proteins – albumin & ketones,
hemoglobin, bile pigments (brown)
reddish - blood, liver problem
red blood cells - bleeding, kidney stones
leukocytes - pus , milky - pus
green - bacterial infection

15. Ureters Structure function Problems kidney stones:
slender tubes, inches long
function
collect and transfer urine from all collecting tubules to bladder
Problems
kidney stones:
Uric Acid - forms crystals
Calcium (oxalate or phosphate)
Struvite (infection)

16. Urinary Bladder Functions Urethra Sphincters
stores urine 500 ml can hold 1000 ml
expels urine 1-2 liters a day
Urethra
tube thru which urine is expelled
males - 8 inches , urine & sperm
females inches
Urethritis inflammation of urethra
Sphincters
internal - smooth muscle relaxes ml
external – skeletal muscle

17. Micturition cystitis voiding - empty bladder
bladder contracts internal sphincter relaxes and external
incontinence - can’t control external sphincter
urinary retention - surgery, diseases, use catheter
cystitis
bladder inflammation can lead to kidney inflammation- pyelitis

18. Aging of the Urinary System
Renal Function decreases with age
incontinence increases, nocturia
urinary tract infections increase
dysuria
painful urination
polyuria
frequent urination
oliguria - low urinary output
increase in prostate cancer

19. Disorders
Infections
E. Coli
streptococcus --> glomerulonephritis
sexually transmitted diseases
polycystic kidney disease