1. NEW IMPERIALISM Middle East

2. EUROPEAN CHALLENGES TO THE MUSLIM WORLD BACKGROUND: In 1500s, 3 great Muslim empires ruled: Mughals in India, Ottomans in Middle East, Safavids in Iran, all declining by 1700s Napoleon attacks Egypt 1798

3. BY 1830S European powers try to gain Econ. Control in region Ottoman Empire becomes a pawn in balance of power struggles between European nations France – Algeria Russia – Turkish Straits (Dardanelles & Bosporus)

4. TURKISH STRAITS

5. EGYPT 1869 – Suez Canal completed by French 1875 – British gain control of Suez Canal in Egypt (access to India) 1882 – Egypt becomes British protectorate

6. SUEZ CANAL FROM OUTER SPACE

7. THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES 1890s – WWI periodic waves of violence against Christian Armenians by Turkish Muslims Muslim Turks believed that the Armenians supported Russia and were plotting against the Ottoman Empire When Armenians protested the oppressive Ottoman policies, they were massacred GENOCIDE – over 1 million killed

8. 20 th CENTURY 1900 – Oil discovered in Iran, Russian, British, and Iranian nationalists all set out to control oil fields 1912 Italy – Libya Post WWI – Europeans gain more spheres of influence in region (Ottoman Empire on losing side)

9. THE BRITISH TAKE INDIA BACKGROUND: In early 1600s, the British East India Company built trading bases in India By 1756, the British used its bases to force all rivals out, especially the French By mid 1800s, Britain controls 3/5 of India British use a policy of “divide and conquer” to take over

10. THE BRIGHTEST JEWEL IN THE BRITISH CROWN As Mughal power declined, British played off of the diversity (many languages and customs) and rivalries of princes to gain control, also had superior weapons 1857 Sepoy Rebellion – armed Indian soldiers (sepoys) helped to protect British holdings, revolted when Brit. violated their religious beliefs Bloody revolt until British crush rebellion and make India a colony in 1858 taking it from the British East India Co. ----”Brightest Jewel in British Crown”

11. SEPOY REBELLION

12. EFFECTS OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA POSITIVES: New roads and RR link ports of India Telegraph and postal systems unite people Irrigation systems improve farming New laws bring justice to all classes British schools offer education Customs that threaten human rights ended, (sati, slavery, caste)

13. EFFECTS CONT. NEGATIVES Indian resources go to British British made goods replace local goods Farms grew cash crops rather than food crops, famine results for many Indians Top jobs go to British Indians treated as inferiors British try to replace Indian culture with western ways

14. RESISTANCE 1885 Indian National Congress formed, many upper class Indians had gone to school in Britain, learned about democracy Early 1900s, self-rule demanded, but Muslims and Hindus divided and Muslim League formed in 1906