1. Premodern humans Oct. 16, 2008

2. Introduction Who and what were the Neandertals? What does it mean to be human? When in our evolutionary past can we say that our predecessors were obviously human? Shanidar 1

4. When, Where, and What The Pleistocene –Early (or Lower) 1.8 - 0.78 Mya –Middle - 0.78 - 0.125 –Late (or Upper) - 0.125 - 0.01 Glaciations – climatic intervals when continental ice sheets cover much of northern continents. Glaciations are associated with colder temperatures in northern latitudes and more arid (or dry) conditions in the southern latitudes (most notably Africa). See Milankovich cycles (Precession, Obliquity, Eccentricity) Interglacials – Climatic intervals when continental ice sheets are retreating, eventually becoming much reduced in size. Interglacials in northern latitudes are associated with warmer temperatures, while the southern latitudes the climate becomes wetter (or moister).

5. Dispersal of Middle Pleistocene hominins Widely distributed across Africa, Europe and Asia Europe become more densely populated Middle Pleistocene hominins replace Homo erectus?

6. Middle Pleistocene Hominins: Terminology Earlier representatives of the premoderns retain several H. erectus features, such as, large face, low forehead, projected brows and the cranial vault is still thick However, more modern features include brain size increase, rounded braincase, vertical nose, less angled occipital “archaic Homo sapiens” Homo antecessor; Homo heidelbergensis; Homo helmei

7. Premodern humans of the Middle Pleistocene Africa – Bodo, Ethiopia; 600 Ka; cutmarks - Broken Hill (Kabwe), Zambia; 400 Ka; mixed features - other sites Florisbad & Elandsfontein, South Africa Europe – Gran Dolina, Spain; Boxgrove & Swanscombe, UK; Atapuerca (Sima de los huesos); Arago, France; Steinheim & Mauer, Germany; Petralona, Greece Asia – Dali & Jinniushan, China

8. Hominins from the Middle Pleistocene Bodo from Ethiopia

9. Broken Hill skull from Zambia

10. Hominins from the Middle Pleistocene Arago XXI from France

11. Atapuerca 5 from Spain

12. Dali skull from China

13. Review of Middle Pleistocene Evolution African and European fossils more similar to one another than to Asian fossils Mixed features Regional populations

14. Middle Pleistocene Culture Acheulian continues Levallois technique developed Increase in cognitive abilities? Temporary structures Hunting & scavenging Schoningen (Germany) wooden spears Fire?, most likely

15. Neanderthals: Premodern humans of the Upper Pleistocene Homo sapiens neanderthalensis or Homo neanderthalensis ~130-28 Ka Evolutionary origins, >500 Ka Upper Paleolithic – Cultural period associated with modern human (but also found with some Neandertals Chatelperronian – Pertaining to an Upper Paleolithic industry found in France and Spain, containing blade technology and associated with Neandertals. Child burial in Portugal displaying Neanderthal and modern human features

16. Neandertals: Premodern humans of the Upper Pleistocene Neandertal features – large, double arching brow ridges, low forehead, large cranial capacity, occipital bun, projecting midface, lack of chin Western Europe – Gibraltar, La Ferrassie & La Chapelle, France; Spy, Belgium. Central Europe – Krapina & Vindija, Croatia Western Asia –Tabun Cave, Kebara Cave, Amud Cave, Israel –Shanidar, Iraq Central Asia – Teshik-Tash, Uzbekistan

17. Culture of Neandertals Technology – Mousterian or Mode 3 of the Middle Paleolithic Subsistence – hunting or scavenging? Symbolic behavior – body ornaments Fire Burials – some individuals recovered in a flexed position Cannibalism or rituals associated with burials Care for the elderly

18. Genetic Evidence By extracting mtDNA from Neanderthal bones, the results show that they are genetically more different from contemporary modern human populations than modern human populations are from each other, about 3x as much Neandertals and humans shared a last common ancestor between 690-550 Ka

19. Trends in Human Evolution: Understanding premodern humans Diverse group of hominins Considerable variation Transitional species between Homo erectus and modern humans Separate species or perhaps paleo-demes

20. Remains from Spain

22. Neanderthals and Modern humans

23. Teshik-Tash, Uzbekistan