1. E.D. Hirsch
Howard Gardener
Maxine Greene

2. Educational Philosophies
Maxine Greene – Existentialism
Believe students and teachers needed meaning in lives
Used Humanities and Arts to create meaning
E. D. Hirsch Jr. – Essentialism
Believed that a set curriculum was needed
Howard Gardner – Progressivism
Believed children should learn in their own elements
Each child could be considered a genius in “their element”

3. Maxine Greene (1918-Present)
"I'm absolutely opposed to strict standards, and I'm terribly interested in kids having confidence in their own vision. There is no right way to make art."
"I use the term ‘wide-awakeness’. Without the ability to think about yourself, to reflect on your life, there's really no awareness, no consciousness. Consciousness doesn't come automatically; it comes through being alive, awake, curious, and often furious."
"I'm very influenced by existentialism and the thought that you can be submerged in the crowd, and if you're submerged in the crowd and have no opportunity to think for yourself, to look through your own eyes, life is dull and flat and boring. The only way to really awaken to life, awaken to the possibilities, is to be self-aware."

4. Confronting Mystification
FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY
On Becoming “Wide Awake”
Confronting Mystification

6. Dr. E.D. Hirsch born March 22, 1928 in Memphis, TN
attended Cornell University and graduated in 1950
served in Naval Reserve
1952 attended Yale University
obtained Ph. D. in 1957
taught at Yale
1966 professor at University of Virginia
department chair at University of Virginia
1973 named William R. Kenan Professor of English

7. Dr. Howard Gardner born in 1943 in Scranton, PA
attended Harvard University
majored in Cognitive Developmental Psychology
developed the theory of multiple intelligences
worked on school reform in 1980’s
1986 began working at Harvard Graduate School of Education
authored more than 20 books
best known for his theory of multiple intelligences

8. Multiple Intelligences Theory
Linguistic: words and language
Logical-Mathematical: logical thinking
Musical: musical ability
Bodily-Kinesthetic: body movement control
Spatial-Visual: visual and spatial perception
Interpersonal: perception of other people's feelings
Intrapersonal: self-awareness

9. “Good to Know” Websites:
Free Multiple Intelligence tests
Good test to give parents to assess their children ·
-Streaming Video of Maxine Greene’s “Sunday Salons”

10. References
“Howard Gardner: Developer of Multiple Intelligences.” Retrieved June 16, 2009 from Chapman, A. (2009). Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences. Retrieved June 16, 2009 from Greene, M. (1973) Teacher as stranger: Educational philosophy for the modern age. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. Sadker, D. M. & Zittleman, K. R. (2009). Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. New York: McGraw Hill Companies Inc. The Maxine Greene Foundation for Social Imagination, the Arts & Education, Retrieved on July 9, 2007 from: