1. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres
C h a p t e r 24
The Respiratory System
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres
North Harris College
Houston, Texas
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2. Cells obtain oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.
Introduction
Cells obtain oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.
The respiratory system facilitates the exchange of gases between the air and the blood.
Blood carries oxygen to peripheral tissues.
Blood accepts the carbon dioxide from peripheral tissues.
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3. An Overview of the Respiratory System
Includes the nose, nasal cavity and sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and conducting passageways
The respiratory tract consists of the following:
Conduction portion
Respiratory portion
The respiratory bronchiles
The alveoli
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4. An Overview of the Respiratory System
Functions of the Respiratory System
Providing an area for gas exchange
Moving air to and from the exchange surface
Protecting respiratory surfaces
Defending the respiratory system and other tissues from invasion by pathogenic microorganisms
Producing sounds involved in speaking, singing, or nonverbal communication
Assisting in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, and the control of body fluid pH
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5. An Overview of the Respiratory System
Figure 24.1 Structures of the Respiratory System
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6. An Overview of the Respiratory System
Figure 24.2 Histology of the Respiratory Epithelium
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7. The Upper Respiratory System
Structures in the head are part of the upper respiratory system.
Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
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8. The Upper Respiratory System
Figure 24.3a, b Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (a) Anterior View (b) Head, Coronal Section
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9. The Upper Respiratory System
Figure 24.3c Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (c) Head and Neck, Sagittal Section
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10. The Upper Respiratory System
Figure 24.3d Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (d) Sagittal Section
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11. The Lower Respiratory System
Structures in the neck and thoracic cavity are parts of the lower respiratory system
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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12. The Lower Respiratory System
Figure 24.4a, b, c Anatomy of the Larynx: (a) Larynx, Anterior View; (b) Larynx, Posterior View; (c) Posterior View of Laryngeal Cartilages
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13. The Lower Respiratory System
Figure 24.4d Anatomy of the Larynx: (d) Larynx, Sagittal Section
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14. The Lower Respiratory System
Figure 24.5 The Vocal Cords
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15. The Lower Respiratory System
Figure 24.6 Movements of the Larynx during Swallowing
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16. Also called the windpipe
The Trachea
Also called the windpipe
Walls contain cartilage rings
Enters thoracic cavity anterior to esophagus
Bifurcates at the carina
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17. The Primary Bronchi Wall structure similar to tracheal wall
One per lung
The right primary bronchus supplies the right lung, and the left supplies the left lung
Right has a larger diameter and descends toward lung at steeper angle; easier for foreign objects to get lodged there
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18. The Primary Bronchi
Figure 24.7 Anatomy of the Trachea and Primary Bronchi
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19. Bronchi branch out into smaller bronchioles.
The Lungs
Lungs are divided into lobes:
3 lobes on right: superior, middle, and inferior
2 lobes on left: superior and inferior
Bronchi branch out into smaller bronchioles.
Bronchioles lead to alveoli.
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20. The Lungs
Figure 24.8a Superficial Anatomy of the Lungs (a) Thoracic Cavity, Anterior View
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21. The Lungs
Figure 24.8b Superficial Anatomy of the Lungs: (b) The Right and Left Lungs
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22. The Lungs Figure 24.9 Bronchi and Bronchioles
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23. The Lungs
Figure 24.10a The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (a) Bronchial Divisions and Bronchopulmonary Segments
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24. The Lungs
Figure 24.10b The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (b) Bronchopulmonary Segments of Left and Right Lungs
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25. The Lungs
Figure 24.10c The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (c) Bronchogram
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26. The Lungs
Figure 24.10d The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs (d) The Bronchial Tree
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27. The Lungs
Figure 24.11a Bronchi and Bronchioles (a) Components of a Lung Lobule
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28. The Lungs
Figure 24.11b, c Bronchi and Bronchioles: (b, c) Histology of the Lung
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29. The Lungs Figure 24.12 Alveolar Organization
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30. The Lungs Figure 24.16 Results of Dorothy’s MRI
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31. The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes
Parietal pleura lines the pleural cavity.
Visceral pleura covers the lungs.
Pleural fluid causes membranes to stick together but still slide on one another.
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32. The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes
Figure Anatomical Relationships in the Thoracic Cavity
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33. Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation
Inspiratory muscles
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Expiratory muscles
Usually not needed due to elastic recoil of lungs and thoracic cavity
Accessory respiratory muscles
Inspiration
Sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, and scalene muscles
Expiration
Transversus thoracis, oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
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34. Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation
Figure Respiratory Muscles
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35. Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation
Figure Respiratory Centers and Reflex Controls
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36. Aging and the Respiratory System
Elastic tissue deteriorates, reducing the lungs’ ability to inflate and deflate.
Movements of the rib cage are restricted by arthritic changes.
Some degree of emphysema is normally found in individuals age 50–70.
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