2. Rocks and soils

3. Rocks and soils Rock types Igneous rocks –Granite (žula) –Basalt (čadič) Sedimentary rocks –Coal (uhlie) –Sandstone (pieskovec) –Limestone (vápenec) –Chalk (krieda) Metamorpic rocks –Marble (mramor) –Slate (bridlica)

4. Rocks and soils Rock structure Resistance –Hard –Soft Permeability –Permeable –impermeable Landforms

5. Rocks and soils Weathering Physical weathering –Freeze-thatw –Exfoliation –Biological weathering Chemical weathering –Limestone solution

6. Rocks and soils Mass movement Rockfall Soil creep Mudflow Landslide

7. Rocks and soils Mining and quarrying Open-cast mining Quarrying Mining

8. Rocks and soils Soil profile Surface layer A horizon – humus content, organic activity B horizon – inwashing of nutrients C horizon – weathered parent material Parent rock

9. Rocks and soils SOIL Parent rock Topography Flora and fauna Climate Time

10. Rocks and soils Soil types Brown earths Podsols Tropical red earths

11. Rocks and soils Brown earths lowland areas deciduous woodland rapid recycling of nutrients and decay creates dark brown upper layer chemical a biological weathering give a relatively deep and fertile soil

12. Rocks and soils Podsols higher wetter areas coniferous forest long time to decay slower cycle or nutrients, slow weathering of the parent rock shallow soil acidity and lack of humus - infertile

13. Rocks and soils Tropical red earths continuous leaf fall thick litter layer, rapid decomposition, leaching of minerals, chemical weathering rapid decomposition of the bedrock deep soil, fertile soil unless the nutrient cycle is broken

14. Rocks and soils Soil erosion 400 years to form 1cm of soil 3000/12000 soil for farming 11% of Earth´s surface - agricultural land area of China + India - lost/50y

15. Rocks and soils Soil erosion vegetation cover removed deforestation steep land seasonal rainfall removeal of hedgerows overcultivation overgrazing

16. Rocks and soils Soil management - techniques terracing replacement of trees and hedges contour farming strip cultivation bushes, windbreaks mud and stone walls

17. Plate tectonics

18. Plate tectonics Tectonic activity Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions Earth´s crust, Mantle, Core Plates Continental (old and permanent) Oceanic (younger, constantly changing) Plate boundaries

19. Tectonic activity Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions Earth´s crust, Mantle, Core Plates Continental (old and permanent) Oceanic (younger, constantly changing) Plate boundaries core mantle crust

20. Plate tectonics Earthquakes distribution pattern narrow belts measured in Richter scale each level 10 times stronger

21. Volcanoes magma to the surface increasing of pressure accompanied by earthquakes crater created eruptions of steam and ash most time inactive

22. Volcanoes landslide of rock, glacier ice and soil, mudflow blast waves of volcanic gas, steam and dust volcanic bombs poisonous gasses, floodwaters living organisms and forest destroyed electricity/telephone interrupted volcanic material - fertile soil

23. plate boundaries Constructive margins Destructive margins Conservative margins Collision margins

24. Plate tectonics Constructive margin move away from each other magma rises new oceanic crust, the Atlantic Ocean widening by 3cm/year new islands

25. Destructive margin oceanic crust towards continental crust oceanic crust downwards it melts (heat and friction) severe earthquakes magma to the surface - volcanoes long chain of islands

26. Collision margin two continental plates move together cannot sink rocks are forced upwards fold mountains

27. Conservative margin plates slide past one another no crust created or destroyed no new landforms shockwaves cause earthquakes

28. Conservative margin plates slide past one another no crust created or destroyed no new landforms shockwaves cause earthquakes

29. Key words Crater, poisonous gases, blast waves of volcanic gas, steam and dust, water temperature, rivers blocked, eruption of steam, landslide of rock, mudflow, explosion, cloud of fine ash, floodwaters, blast zone, setting dust, primary hazard, secondary hazards, prediction, monitoring, evacuation, resettlement, mudflow dams, fertile soil, epicentre,