1. Changes to the Earth’s surface

2. The changing Earth
The surface of the Earth is always changing.

3. The Rock cycle
The rock cycle shows how rocks change back and forth between sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks.

4. The rock cycle - Igneous
Igneous rocks form when melted rock cools and solidifies.
The crystal size in an igneous rock is determined by how fast the rock cooled.
How fast the rock cooled is determined by how close to the surface the rock was, and how large the chamber was.
Igneous rocks can be extrusive or intrusive

5. The rock cycle - Igneous
Examples of igneous rocks include:
Obsidian
Granite
Basalt
Pumice
Rhyolite

6. The rock cycle – Sedimentary
Sedimentary rocks are formed by weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation of other rocks.

7. The rock cycle – Sedimentary
Examples of sedimentary rocks include:
Sandstone
Limestone
Flint
Shale
Coal

8. The rock cycle – metamorphic
Metamorphic rocks form when heat and pressure deep beneath earth’s surface cause one type of rock to change into another type of rock.

9. The rock cycle – metamorphic
Examples of metamorphic rocks include:
Gneiss (from Granite)
Quartzite (from Sandstone)
Schist
Slate (from Shale)
Marble (from Limestone)

10. Energy in the rock cycle
What types of energy are needed to form each type of rock?
Igneous
metamorphic
Sedimentary

11. Rock cycle
Heat energy is important in the formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Where does that heat come from?

12. Heat energy The earth gets hotter the deeper down you go, but why?
Radioactive decay

13. Kinetic energy
Some of the heat energy in the mantle is transformed into kinetic energy in the form of convection currents that form in the mantle.

14. Kinetic energy
Convection currents move the plates of the crust back and forth.
A place where 2 plates meet is called a fault.

15. Kinetic energy  Potential energy
Kinetic energy of the moving plates can be converted into potential energy when two plates collide and “stick” together.
The potential energy builds up until it is finally converted back into kinetic energy and the plates “slip”

16. Plate boundaries Plates that pull apart are called divergent plates
Plates that push together are called convergent plates
Plates that slide past each other are called transform plates.
What do you think would happen to the earth at each type of boundary?

17. Plate movement
As plates slide over, under, or past each other, they change the surface of the earth.

18. Plate movement
Plates that push together can cause the earth to “crumple” and form mountains.

19. Plate movement
When continental and oceanic plates collide, they can produce volcanoes.

20. Plate movement
When plates “slip”, “smash” or “pull” apart they produce earthquakes.
During an earthquake, potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.
(Remember that this mechanical energy started as heat energy inside the earth.)

21. Plate movement
Some of the heat energy from the earth reaches the surface (as in a volcano.)
Some heat energy is transformed into mechanical energy in the form of convection currents, moving plates, earthquake waves, flowing lava, etc…

22. Energy  to infinity and beyond!
Earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation all occur when the heat energy from inside the earth makes its way to the surface. (Either as heat energy or mechanical energy.)

23. Energy  to infinity and beyond!
Earthquakes and volcanoes can change earths surface very rapidly.
Mountains building is a slow and gradual process that changes earths surface.
These changes all occur because energy from earths interior transfers to the earth’s surface.

24. Changes to Earth’s surface
Some changes to the Earth’s surface are not caused by energy from the interior of the earth.
These changes can come from weathering, erosion, deposition, gravity, glaciers, and other “agents” of change.

25. Weathering
Weathering occurs when rock on the surface of the earth breaks down into smaller pieces.
Weathering can be mechanical or chemical.

26. Mechanical Weathering
Mechanical weathering is when mechanical energy creates weathering. This mechanical energy could come from:
Moving water/wind (abrasion)
Freezing ice
Burrowing animals
Growing plant roots

27. Chemical weathering
Chemical weathering occurs when chemical energy causes weathering to occur.
Things that could cause chemical weathering include:
Acid rain
Oxygen (oxidation)
Living things making acids to break down rock. (like lichens)

28. Erosion and deposition
Erosion occurs when water, wind, or ice move weathered rock particles from one place to another.
Deposition is when those particles being carried by erosion get laid down somewhere.

29. Weathering, erosion, and deposition
Weathering, erosion, and deposition are important parts in the process of soil formation.

30. Gravity
Gravity changes the surface of the earth. Particles that weather and erode in the mountains get carried to the valleys.
Gravity moves particles and sediment downhill.

31. Gravity
Gravity can cause several types of “mass movement” downhill including:
Landslide
Mudflow
Slump
Creep

32. Gravity – Mass movement
Landslides occur when rock and soil move quickly down a slope
Mudflows occur when water, rock, and soil move downhill. (Usually during heavy rain.)

33. Gravity – Mass movement
Slumps occur when an entire section of a hillside suddenly slides down a slope but stays together.
Creeps occur when rock and soil moves downhill very slowly.

34. Glaciers
Glaciers move slowly across the land. As they move, they shape the land in many ways.

35. Glaciers Glaciers create features in the earth such as:
U-shaped valleys
Cirques
Horns
Drumlins

36. Weathering Erosion and Deposition
Weathering, erosion deposition and gravity can change the surface of the earth gradually or rapidly.

37. Rapid change
Flash floods, landslides, mudflows, earthquakes, volcanoes can all change the earth rapidly.

38. Gradual change
Mountain formation, mountain destruction, weathering, erosion, creep, and glacial activity are all gradual changes to earth’s surface.

39. Mountain building
The average mountain that is actively being built is moving upward at a rate of 6 mm/year and being eroded downward at a rate of 1 mm/year.
A mountain that takes 5 million years to build might take 100 million years to erode away.

40. Mountain building
As a mountain erodes away, the roots of the mountain push upward.
For every 5 mm of the mountain that erode away, the roots push up 4 mm.
The taller the mountain, the faster erosion occurs.