1. Foreign Intervention in the Spanish Civil War

2. Germany (Nationalist) German intervention was of limited quantity, but high quality. Airlift of Franco’s ‘Army of Africa’ in at the beginning of the war. 10,000 troops The Condor Legion (4 fighter squadrons and 4 bomber squadrons – 100 aircraft) 500 other aircraft 200 tanks £43m in aid Military equipment and advisors

3. Italy (Nationalist) Italian assistance was on a much larger scale than German support 75,000 ‘volunteers’ Huge quantities of munitions Aircraft Warships Tanks Submarines (preyed on merchant ships heading for Republican ports)

4. Portugal (Nationalist) Salazar (the Portuguese dictator) sent: 20,000 troops Allowed the import of arms across the Portuguese/Spanish border.

5. America (Nationalist) US support was a vital factor in the Nationalist victory. US support came from private industry, rather than the US government. 3.5m tons of oil credit from US oil companies (such as Texaco and Standard Oil) 12,000 trucks supplied by Ford and GM 40,000 bombs provided by Dupont

6. Soviet Union (Republican) The Soviet Union’s policy of non- intervention changed to one of intervention when it was clear that the Germans and Italians were intervening on the Nationalist side. Aircraft Tanks £81m in aid Assistance with recruitment and training of the Republican army. This assistance was paid for by gold from the Bank of Spain.

7. International Brigades (Republican) Individuals who decided to join International Brigades organised by the Comintern (Communist International – a Soviet organisation for spreading communism worldwide) 40,000 volunteers (British/French and also German and Italian refugees) (About 2,300 British, including 500 from Scotland) Withdrew end of 1938 – before the end of the war.