1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts and Connections, Fifth Edition – Campbell, Reece, Taylor, and Simon Lectures by Chris Romero Chapter 34 The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth’s Diverse Environments

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Mysterious Giant of the Deep ~ 1,000 known species of squid –until recently, no one knew this “mystery squid”

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure A Deep-sea submersibles

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Depths up to 2,500 meters!! –new environments, huge variety of organisms Figure BFigure C

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings What’s Ecology? –scientific study of interactions of organisms with their environments

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34.1 34.1 Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment at several levels Organismal level –Ecologists may examine how 1 kind of organism meets the challenges of its environment Figure 34.1

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings At population level –Ecologists might study factors that limit population size At community level –An ecologist might focus on interspecies interactions

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecosystem interactions involve –Living (biotic) communities and –nonliving (abiotic) physical and chemical factors

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings THE BIOSPHERE 34.2 34.2 The biosphere is the total of all of Earth’s ecosystems = “global ecosystem” Figure 34.2A

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Patchiness of the environment –Characterizes the biosphere Figure 34.2B

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings CONNECTION 34.3 34.3 Environmental problems reveal limits of the biosphere Human activities, including widespread use of chemicals –Affect all parts of the biosphere!!

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rachel Carson, famous ecologist –1 of 1 st people to perceive global dangers of pesticide use Figure 34.3

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34.4 34.4 Physical & chemical factors influence life in biosphere Abiotic factors determining biosphere’s structure & dynamics... –Solar energy, water, temperature, wind, and disturbances Figure 34.4

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Movin On! But first...some online stuff! http://wps.aw.com/wps/media/acce ss/Pearson_Default/1976/2024209 /login.html

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34.5 Organisms are adapted to abiotic and biotic factors by natural selection Unique adaptations –Allow the survival of organisms in particular habitats Figure 34.5

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biotic factors, such as predation and competition –Can lead to the evolution of adaptations by natural selection

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34.6 Regional climate influences the distribution of biological communities Most climatic variations –Are due to the uneven heating of Earth’s surface as it orbits the sun Low angle of incoming sunlight Sunlight strikes most directly Low angle of incoming sunlight Atmosphere 60ºS South Pole Tropic of Capricorn 30ºS 0º (equator) 30ºN Tropic of Cancer North Pole 60ºN Figure 34.6A

18. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings The tilt of the Earth’s axis –Causes the changes of the seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres June solstice (Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun) March equinox (equator faces sun directly) Constant tilt of 23.5º September equinox December solstice (Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun) Figure 34.6B

19. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings The uneven heating of the Earth –Also sets up patterns of precipitation and prevailing winds Descending dry air absorbs moisture Trade winds Ascending moist air releases moisture Trade winds Descending dry air absorbs moisture Doldrums Temperate zone Tropics Temperate zone 30º 23.5º 0º 23.5º 30º 60ºN 30ºN 30ºS Figure 34.6C, D

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ocean currents –Influence coastal climate Fresno 104º Paso Robles 93º Bakersfield 106º Death Valley 119º Pacific Ocean Santa Barbara 75º Los Angeles (Airport) 74º San Diego 75º 40 miles San Bernardino 101º Riverside 91º Palm Springs 104º Burbank 86º Santa Ana 84º Key 70s (ºF) 80s 90s 100s 110s Figure 34.6E

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pacific Ocean Coast Range Wind direction Sierra Nevada East Figure 34.6F Landforms such as mountains –Affect rainfall

22. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings AQUATIC BIOMES 34.7 Oceans occupy most of Earth’s surface Several characteristics shape ocean communities –Light, distance from shore, and the availability of nutrients

23. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings The intertidal zone, an oceanic zone –Is the area of shore where the ocean meets the land Figure 34.7A

24. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oceanic zones also include –The pelagic and benthic zones Intertidal zone Photic zone 0 200 m Continental shelf 2,500–6,000 m Benthic zone (seafloor) Pelagic zone Aphotic zone Figure 34.7B

25. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coral reefs –Are found in warm waters above continental shelves Figure 34.7C

26. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Estuaries –Are productive areas where rivers flow into the ocean Figure 34.7D

27. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34.8 Freshwater biomes include lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and wetlands Factors that shape lake and pond communities include –Light, temperature, and the availability of nutrients and dissolved oxygen

28. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abiotic factors change from the source of a river to its mouth –And communities vary accordingly Figure 34.8A

29. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Wetlands include –Marshes and swamps Figure 34.8B

30. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings TERRESTRIAL BIOMES 34.9 Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variations in climate Temperature and rainfall –Mainly determine the terrestrial biomes

31. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major terrestrial biomes 30ºN Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30ºS Tropical forest Savanna Desert Chaparral Temperate grassland Temperate broadleaf forest Coniferous forest Tundra High mountains Polar ice Figure 34.9

32. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34.10 Tropical forests cluster near the equator Tropical rain forests –Are the most diverse ecosystem Figure 34.10

33. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34.11 Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees Savannas –Are dry and warm Figure 34.11

34. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34.12 Deserts are defined by their dryness Deserts –Are the driest biomes Figure 34.12

35. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34.13 Spiny shrubs dominate the chaparral The chaparral –Is a shrubland with cool, rainy winters and dry, hot summers Figure 34.13

36. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34.14 Temperate grasslands include the North American prairie Temperate grasslands –Are found where winters are cold Figure 34.14

37. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34.15 Broadleaf trees dominate temperate forests Temperate broadleaf forests grow throughout midlatitude regions –Where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large trees Figure 34.15

38. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34.16 Coniferous forests are often dominated by a few species of trees The northern coniferous forest, or taiga –Is found where there are short summers, and long, snowy winters Figure 34.16

39. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34.17 Long, bitter-cold winters characterize the tundra Arctic tundra –Is a treeless biome characterized by extreme cold, wind, and permafrost Figure 34.17

40. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alpine tundra –Occurs above the treeline on high mountains

41. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings TALKING ABOUT SCIENCE 34.18 Ecologist Ariel Lugo studies tropical forests in Puerto Rico The Luquillo Experimental Forest –Allows ecologists to study the effects of disruption on tropical forests Figure 34.18A, B

42. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unnumbered Figure p. 700

43. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unnumbered Figure p. 700 30ºN 0º 30ºS

44. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unnumbered Figure p. 700 June solstice March equinox December solstice Constant tilt of 23.5º September equinox

45. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unnumbered Figure p. 700 Temperate zone TropicsTemperate zone

46. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unnumbered Figure p. 701 Mean annual temperature (ºC) 30 15 0  15 100200 300 400 a. b. c. d. e. f. Mean annual precipitation (cm)