1. Ch. 50 Intro to Ecology I am the Lorax. I speak for the trees.
for the trees have no tongues.

2. Ecology
Study of relationships between organisms and their environments.
These interactions determine both the distribution of organisms and their abundance

3. Ecosystem Organization
Biosphere
Biome
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms

4. Subfields of Ecology Organismal ecology
Studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet the challenges posed by the environment
(a) Organismal ecology. How do humpback whales select their calving areas?
Figure 50.3a

5. Population ecology
Concentrates mainly on factors that affect how many individuals of a particular species live in an area
Population ecology.
What environmental
factors affect the
reproductive rate of
deer mice?
(b)
Figure 50.3b

6. Community ecology
Deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community
(c) Community ecology. What factors influence the diversity of species that make up a particular forest?
Figure 50.3c

7. Symbiosis living together Three major kinds of symbiosis
Mutualism-both species benefit
Commensalism-one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
Parasitism-one species benefits at the expense of another
Predator-Prey Relationship

8. Ecosystem ecology
Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components
(d) Ecosystem ecology. What factors control photosynthetic productivity in a temperate grassland ecosystem?
Figure 50.3d

9. Biotic vs. Abiotic
Biotic factors – all living organisms in an environment
Abiotic Factors—nonliving factors in an environment
Air
Temperature
Water pH
Light
Soil

10. Climate patterns can be described on two scales
Macroclimate, patterns on the global, regional, and local level
Microclimate, very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log

11. Global Climate Patterns
Earth is divided into climate zones depending on the angle (intensity) of sunlight (solar energy)
Figure 50.10
Low angle of incoming sunlight
Sunlight directly overhead
North Pole 60N
30N
Tropic of Cancer
0 (equator)
30S
60S
Atmosphere
LALITUDINAL VARIATION IN SUNLIGHT INTENSITY
Tropic of Capricorn
South pole

12. SEASONAL VARIATION IN SUNLIGHT INTENSITY
Seasons are the result of Earth’s tilt and the movement in space
June solstice: Northern
Hemisphere tilts toward
sun; summer begins in
Northern Hemisphere;
winter begins in
Southern Hemisphere.
March equinox: Equator faces sun directly;
neither pole tilts toward sun; all regions on Earth
experience 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of
darkness.
60N
30N
0 (equator)
30S
Constant tilt
of 23.5
September equinox: Equator faces sun
directly; neither pole tilts toward sun; all
regions on Earth experience 12 hours of
daylight and 12 hours of darkness.
December solstice: Northern
Hemisphere tilts away from sun;
winter begins in Northern
Hemisphere; summer begins
in Southern Hemisphere.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN SUNLIGHT INTENSITY
Figure 50.10

13. GLOBAL AIR CIRCULATION AND PRECIPITATION PATTERNS
Air circulation and wind patterns play major parts in determining the Earth’s climate patterns and distinguish the climate zones.
Descending
dry air
absorbs
moisture
Ascending
moist air
releases
30
23.5 0
Arid zone
Tropics
60N
30N
0 (equator)
30S
60S
GLOBAL AIR CIRCULATION AND PRECIPITATION PATTERNS
Figure 50.10

14. GLOBAL WIND PATTERNS Figure 50.10
Westerlies
Northeast trades
Doldrums
Southeast trades
Antarctic Circle
60S
30S 0
(equator)
30N
60N
Arctic Circle
Figure 50.10

15. Landscape ecology (Biomes)
Deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region
(e) Landscape ecology. To what extent do the trees lining the drainage channels in this landscape serve as corridors of dispersal for forest animals?
Figure 50.3e

16. Biosphere
Portion of Earth that supports life

17. Earth’s aquatic biomes
30N
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
30S
Continental shelf
Lakes
Coral reefs
Rivers
Oceanic pelagic zone
Estuaries
Intertidal zone
Abyssal zone (below oceanic pelagic zone)
Key
Tropic of
Capricorn
Figure 50.15

18. Aquatic biomes
Account for the largest part of the biosphere in terms of area
Can contain fresh or salt water
Oceans
Cover about 75% of Earth’s surface
Have an enormous impact on the biosphere

19. Many aquatic biomes
Are stratified into zones or layers defined by light penetration, temperature, and depth
Marine zonation. Like lakes, the marine environment is generally classified on the basis of light penetration (photic and aphotic zones), distance from shore and water depth (intertidal, neritic, and oceanic zones), and whether it is open water (pelagic zone) or bottom (benthic and abyssal zones).
Zonation in a lake. The lake environment is generally classified on the basis of three physical criteria: light penetration (photic and aphotic zones), distance from shore and water depth (littoral and limnetic zones), and whether it is open water (pelagic zone) or bottom (benthic zone).
(a)
Littoral zone
Limnetic zone
Photic zone
Benthic zone
Aphotic zone
Pelagic zone
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone
Oceanic zone
200 m
Continental shelf
Pelagic
zone
2,500–6,000 m
Abyssal zone (deepest regions of ocean floor)
(b)
Figure 50.16a, b

20. LAKES Figure 50.17 An oligotrophic lake in Grand Teton, Wyoming
A eutrophic lake in Okavango delta, Botswana
LAKES
Figure 50.17

21. Figure 50.17
WETLANDS
Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia

22. STREAMS AND RIVERS Figure 50.17
A headwater stream in the Great Smoky Mountains
The Mississippi River far form its headwaters

23. Figure 50.17
An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia
ESTUARIES

24. Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast
Figure 50.17
INTERTIDAL ZONES
Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast

25. Open ocean off the island of Hawaii
Figure 50.17
Open ocean off the island of Hawaii
OCEANIC PELAGIC BIOME

26. A coral reef in the Red Sea
Figure 50.17
A coral reef in the Red Sea
CORAL REEFS

27. A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community
Figure 50.17
A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community
MARINE BENTHIC ZONE

28. Terrestrial Biomes have similar climates (temperature and rainfall) and organisms.
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Capricorn
30S
Key
Tropical forest
Savanna
Desert
Chaparral
Temperate grassland
Temperate broadleaf forest
Coniferous forest
Tundra
High mountains
Polar ice

29. Is the temperature of each Biome: Hot, moderate, or cold?
Tundra -
Desert -
Temperate Grassland -
Tropical savanna -
Taiga -
Temperate forest -
Tropical rainforest -
Tundra - Cold
Desert - Hot
Temperate Grassland - Moderate
Tropical savanna - Hot
Taiga - Cold
Temperate forest - Moderate
Tropical rainforest - Hot

30. A tropical rain forest in Borneo
TROPICAL FOREST
A tropical rain forest in Borneo
Figure 50.20

31. The Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona
Figure 50.20
DESERT
The Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona

32. Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota
Figure 50.20
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND

33. A typical savanna in Kenya
Figure 50.20

34. An area of chaparral in California
Figure 50.20

35. Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado
CONIFEROUS FOREST
Figure 50.20

36. TEMPERATE BROADLEAF FOREST
Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina
Figure 50.20

37. Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn
TUNDRA
Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn
Figure 50.20