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2. 2 Cuticle remover To remove the dead cells (cornfied skin) at the base of the nail. Removers are based on alkaline materials in liquid or cream form. 2-5% potassium hydroxide. Milder but less effective preparation can be obtained by using alkaline polybasic salts (tri-sodium phosphate)

3. 3 Cuticle softeners By its action and emolliency facilitates subsequent mechanical remover. Quaternary ammonium compounds 3-5%. They also exert anti-bacterial action. Urea promote the swelling of keratin. Lanolin will give emolliency.

4. 4 Nail bleach Are solutions or creams used for the removal of ink or tobacco stains, vegetable stains, etc… Can be bleached either by oxidation or reduction, depends on the type of stain. Hydrogen peroxide 20 vols Sulphites with diluted acid

5. 5 Nail lacquer (nail varnish) Ingredients of nail lacquer 1. Film formers - Nitrocellulose (reaction of mixtures of nitric and sulphuric acid with cotton) di- nitrocellulose - pyroxylin - Films produced by nitrocellulose are waterproof, hard and tough and resist abrasion

6. 6 Nail lacquer (nail varnish) 2. Resins Nitrocellulose alone has moderate adhesion to most surfaces. Resins can be used to impart adhesion and to improve gloss aryl sulphonamide- formaldehyde. Nylon Acrylics

7. 7 Nail lacquer (nail varnish) 3. plasticizers Nitrocellulose has the tendency to shrink and to become brittle. So plasticizers used to impart flexibility and to reduce shrinkage. castor oil (phthalates, phosphates, sulphonamides, citrates)

8. 8 Nail lacquer (nail varnish) 4- Solvents Evaporation characteristics are of the utmost importance Usually a mixture of low, medium and high boiling points solvents are used (ether, acetone, n-butyl acetate, cellosolve)

9. 9 Nail lacquer (nail varnish) The correct choice of solvents a- The thin low boiling solvents give mobility (spread easily and dry quickly) b- Higher boiling give body to the lacquer, allow time to give even film. c-Thick film can cause wrinkling d-Preferential evaporation of one part of solvent may change the composition of remaining liquid.

10. 10 Nail lacquer (nail varnish) 5- Colors Color lakes are the most used pigment (wide range of shades) Titanium dioxide (pale) Iron oxide (brown and tan) Pearlescent pigments - guanine (crystalline substances from the scales and body of various fish.

11. 11 Enamel removers Usually consists of simple mixtures of solvents, acetone, amyl acetate or ethyl acetate, and may contain small amount of fatty material to counteract the drying action of the solvent.