1. Žaneta Ozoliņa University of Latvia

2. Issues to be addressed  What does pooling and sharing mean?  Why now?  What has been congratulated so far?  Issues of concern

3. Is it a new concept?  “there is need for burden sharing, adequate defense expenditures, and increased cooperation”  When was it stated? - 1988

4. What does P&S mean?  Sharing of capabilities: Member States provide national capabilities to common use without multinational overhead or integrated structure  Pooling of capabilities: National capabilities for common use with multinational overhead or integrated structure

5. What does P&S mean?  Pooling through acquisition: national capabilities do not exist and are substituted in favour of multilateral capabilities, and the multilateral organization owns the assets  Role sharing:national capabilities are relinguished on the assumption that another country will make it available when necessary.  Pooling of EU Member States Assets in the Implementation of ESDP, 2008.

6. Is there something new? Two substantial questions  Operational effectiveness - Does the common activity lead to the same or higher degree of operational effect  Economic efficiency - Does the common activity lead to an economically constant or even more efficient use of resources compared to a national approach?

7. What is the position of Member States?  France – supportive and critical about EU nations that “slash military spending”  Britain hesitant and skeptical (EDA)  Majority neutral – “wait and see” policy  All critical about Mrs Ashton

8. Why now?  Financial crisis  In-put/out-put logic  Increasing tasks/decreasing funds  Transformation of defence forces  Transformation of institutional arrangements and their responsibilities  Strengthening national capabilities

9. One example of the impact of financial crisis

10. Crisis – perspective is lost

11. What has been congratulated so far? Regional initiatives (NORDEFCO) List of common projects Audit of capabilities

12. Top 10 priorities defined  Counter Improvised Explosive Device (C-IED)  Medical Support  Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance  Increased Availability of Helicopters  Cyber Defence  Multinational Logistic Suppor  CSDP Information Exchange  Strategic and Tactical Airlift Management  Fuel and Energy  Mobility Assurance

13. Issues of concern  Diversity of views on CSDP – ranging from criticism that the Member States are not delivering the military capabilities they have promised, to concern about the creeping militarisation of EU crisis management.  The EU has never deployed the EU Battlegroups. Capability generation and force generation are still not linked up.

14. Issues of concern  The success of the EDA is limited.  Started with a broad mandate, but the Member States imposed range of limitations.  The tiny operational budget - gives limited room for maneuver.

15. Issues of concern  The EU is losing its strategic scope. Member States still answer the question “why European security?” in different ways.  EEAS does not help to answer this question.  Cooperation with NATO is decisive.  What is the added value?  How strategic is EU CFSP and CSDP?

16. Instead of conclusions  Each Member State should consider three key questions: - Can national objectives be achieved without a common EU defence capacity? - How should growing interdependencies be addressed? - What is the price to pay to preserve national sovereignty through national capabilities? - How to ensure effective cooperation with NATO?