1. Your First Lab (No its not a variety of Dog) ©Jan 2008 Dr. B. C. Paul The ideas and techniques given in these slides are considered common knowledge to the field of surveying, however, the ideas and concepts can be found laid out in numerous text books on the subject. The slides also include screen-shots from the program MineSight® put out by Mintec Inc.

2. Quick Overview You will be doing triangulation –You will figure out the location of a third point by turning angles to it off a base-line What to do –Set up and level a transit around the north side of the engineering building –Use the Compass to and Site Magnetic North –Turn an Angle off Magnetic North to Set Your Baseline Direction (toward the east)

3. More Instructions Use your telescope to keep your chaining crew on line, lay out a baseline 4 chains long Set Up and Level a Theodolite at the other end of the baseline and over your end point (use the optical plumb bob) Send someone out by Neckers with a range pole and have them stand still Sighting down the baseline (as your back-sight or line of known direction) measure the direction of the line to the third point using both the theodolite and the transit Use MineSight® Software to get the coordinates of the 3 rd point.

4. Surveyor’s Chains Were Robust Wilderness Ready Tape Measures A link is one of those wire lengths with a loop at each end

5. Chain Characteristics Chains had 100 links with brass holding handles at the ends. Chains had brass tags every 10 links to speed counting of links on partial chains Two Basic Kinds of Chains –Surveyors Chain (also called Gunter’s Chain) Was 66 feet long –Engineers Chain Was 100 feet long

6. Why a Profound Number Like 66 ft Turns out a mile (5280 feet) is 80 chains long –Divides nicely for quarter sections or common land divisions Surveyors were laying out blocks of land –Also helps explain why no little fractions for inches etc.

7. The Class Chain Is a reproduction 10 meters long –We’ll use it to measure out a baseline on first lab just for nostalgia

8. Preparing Your Finished Project to Turn In Calculate the direction of your base-line –You sighted magnetic north (azimuth 0) –You turned an angle to the right (clockwise) to the direction of your baseline The Direction of that line is –0 + Angle to the Right = Azimuth of Baseline –Example 0 + 270 = 270 You made your baseline 4 chains (or in this case 40 meters long)

9. Lets Put That Into Our Software Using the normal Windows Program Selection Procedure Pick MS3D (MineSight 3D)

10. You Get A Security Warning that Microsoft Doesn’t Know Who Mintec Is Tell them to Run Anyway (it is a bonafide Program common In the mining Industry)

11. The Splash Screen Comes Up Use Browse and Pick where you Want your Project to be Based and click Ok. (If you don’t Already have the Ideal place you May want to make One before you Start)

12. It Wants Permission to Create a MineSight Resources Subfolder in the Folder You Picked Say Yes

13. The Program Opens And Wants You to Give It Some Coordinate Dimensions for Your Project Work Area

14. Your Work Area Your Baseline will be running toward the east and possibly a little south –Your start point is 0,0 –You will be mostly in the North East and South East Quadrants -10,-20 100,100

15. Enter the Values, (We will do this one in metric distance) Make your Easting Min -10.00 and The max 100 Make your Northing Min -20.00 and the Max 100 We will be Mostly Ignoring vertical Elevation and Cell size. Click OK when You are done

16. You Now Have A Viewer Window Notice that as You move the Curser around in The window you Get a coordinate Read-out at the Bottom.

17. You Have A Data Manager Window (the MineSight version of Windows Exploring) The upper part of The window shows You which folder you Are in, while the Lower window tells You which files (objects) are in the Folder.

18. My Next Actions Will Be Create a Folder for My Triangulation Project Create a “geometry object” to hold my survey lines Use a device called the “Point Editor” to put in my survey lines Get MineSight® to show the coordinates of the points –And thus the location of our mystery point that we triangulated.

19. Left Click to Highlight the Root Directory for MineSight® - Called “Un- Named” – who knows why?

20. Left Click on File to Drop Down A Menu On the menu – Left click on New (a side menu Appears) Now left click on Folder.

21. The “Name That Folder” Dialog Box Comes Up Type in the name Of your folder And then left Click on the Ok Button.

22. Left Click to Highlight Your Triangulation Project Folder Yes – we are Working on the Step where we Create the “geometry Object” to hold Our survey lines.

23. Now Pick File, New, Geometry Object

24. The “Name That Geometry Object” Window Comes Up Type in the Name you want For your Geometry Object Then left click The OK button

25. Left Click Your New Geometry Object to Highlight it – Then Right Click it to bring up a Pop-Up Menu On the pop-up Menu left click on Edit (You are telling The computer to Store all the Information you Are about to input In this geometry Object)

26. You Get An Open Yellow Box to Tell You Where Your Information Will be Stored

27. Now Lets Fire Up That Point Editor Left Click on Utilities to drop Down the menu Left click Point Editor from the Menu.

28. The Point Editor Window Comes On But All the Choices are Grayed Out We need to tell It what we want The point editor To help us with.

29. We Are Going To Draw That Baseline Left click on Polyline Left click on create From the drop Down menu Left click on Polyline from the Side menu (when we draw Lines we call them Polylines)

30. The Point Editor Comes To Life and the Program Tells Us We Are Creating a Polyline We can tell our Point editor is alive Because everything Is in black now Instead of gray.

31. Enter Our Initial 0,0,0 Basepoint – (Where We Set Up the Transit) Left click the check Off boxes to tell the Program you will give The coordinates of The first point. Then type in your East (X) and North (Y) Coordinates Just enter 0 for the Elevation because we Are ignoring it in our First lab Now left click on the Apply button.

32. We Will Now Give The Length and Direction of Our Baseline I will left click to Check off the Azimuth of the line (the check marks For dip and Distance appear)

33. Yipes! How Do I Get That For the Azimuth of Your Baseline –You Back-sighted magnetic north 0º –You Turned an angle right and measured it with your transit And of course you remembered to write it down. –Add the angle right to your back-sight azimuth Your numbers will differ but here is an example 0 + 92º = 92º azimuth of baseline Your distance you measured with the chain (and it better be something like 40 meters) –Of course you wrote that down too

34. Lets Put the Information into the Point Editor I type in 92º and Pick degrees For my units (MineSight® uses Decimal degrees Not Degrees, Minutes, Seconds) I input my Distance Then I pushed The preview Button.

35. I Can Zoom My View In Left click on the Zoom in icon.

36. We Like the Preview So We Click Apply Note the line turns Orange when it is Entered. But orange Means it is still Expecting me to enter More of the polyline Note the entry at the Top of the page is also Telling me that MineSight® expects Me to continue entering Line segments.

37. Where We Will Go Next We set up instruments at both ends of the baseline With each instrument we sighted down the baseline and then turned an angle right to fore-sight our person with the range pole We will now use MineSight® to plot those fore-sight lines we turned off the base-line

38. Consider the Theodolite We need the azimuth of this line

39. Azimuth of the Base-line T Looking down the Transit line in our example Was 92º But Our Theodolite Was at this end and Back-sighted the Opposite direction Back-sight Azimuth 92 + 180 = 272 (Note that you just Add 180 degrees to reverse the azimuth of a line. If the number is more than 360 then subtract 360) To get our Fore-Sight Azimuth just add the angle Right. Example – suppose Our angle right was 40º - Then 272 + 40 = 312º which is our fore-sight azimuth

40. Now Enter the Data We put in the New line Azimuth And select a Larger but Arbitrary distance (since we Don’t know how Far away the Range pole was Really) We Push Our Preview Button

41. After Hitting Apply We Right Click

42. A Second Right Click Terminates Our Polyline Entry (for a minute) Note our line has Turned red There is no longer A current operation In the window And Our Point Editor has gone gray Until we tell it what We want next.

43. We Click on the Save Button to Save Our Work Thus Far Yes I too wonder How they ever Came up with Something that Looks like that for A save icon. Note that a saved Object turns blue

44. Lets Get Ready to do the Same Thing With Our Transit Readings Baseline for the Transit is (in this example) 92º Its probably one big angle right – lets call it 300º for this example Azimuth of ForeSight Line is 92 + 300 = 392 But 392 >360 Subtract 360 ---- 392 – 360 = 32º (Now we have our Fore-Sight Azimuth For the Transit)

45. The Will Create Another Polyline Segment Yes with the point Editor on we will Pull down the Polyline menu, Select create, And pick polyline

46. We Enter the Starting Point for Our Transit In the point editor we Check off to enter the Coordinates of our Transit (0,0,0) And Enter the Numbers Then we click apply Note the little orange Starting node.

47. Enter The Transit’s Fore-Sight Line Check off for Azimuth Enter the Azimuth Check to make sure You are working in Degrees Enter an arbitrary but Somewhat large Distance Chick Preview.

48. Exit and Save As Before

49. Our Next Move We Can Now See Where Our Range Pole Was At We want to get MineSight® to give us the coordinates of that point –And thus the answer to our problem

50. What We Will Do We Will Create An Object to Put Our Intersection Points in We will set the snap to lock our points onto intersections We will place points on those intersections We will tell MineSight to show the coordinates of the points

51. Left Click to Highlight Your Triangulation Project

52. Pull Down the File Menu, Click New, Pick Geometry Object

53. The Name That Geometry Object Box Comes Up Type in the name Of the object for Your points Then click Ok

54. Left Click On Your New Object to Highlight It

55. Now Right Click to Pop Up A Menu and Pick Edit

56. Pull Down the Snap Menu and Click Point Snap

57. Now Pull Down the Point Menu and Click Create

58. Now Click on the 3 Corners of Your Triangle Note you get Pretty red Xs When you are Done right click Your mouse. Then Click the Save Icon (the Xs turn blue)

59. Highlight and Right Click on Your Points Object

60. On the Pop-Up Menu Click Properties

61. Pick the Point Tab and Make Sure That Show Nodes is Checked

62. Select the Node Labels Tab Check Off to Two Display Items Then Click on The line

63. A Choose List Comes Up Pick X value

64. Get X and Y Values Checked Off and Check Display E, N

65. You May Well Have Your Coordinates Displayed and Visible

66. Pick the Labels Tab With the labels Tab you can Adjust your Character height And precision.