1. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Richard T. Schaefer

2. Slide 2 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Population, Communities, and Urbanization Demography: The Study of Population World Population Patterns Fertility Patterns in the United States Population and Migration How Have Communities Changed? Urbanization Types of Communities Rural Areas Social Policy and Communities: Seeking Shelter WorldwideSocial Policy and Communities: Seeking Shelter Worldwide 20

3. Slide 3 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Look Ahead █ How does rapid population growth contribute to the movement of large groups of people? █ Why have large cities grown at the expense of small villages in many parts of the world? █ Why are many residents of large and prosperous communities homeless?

4. Slide 4 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Population, Communities, and Urbanization █ Aerotropolis: Urban communities popping up around airports █ Community: spatial or political unit of social organization that gives people a sense of belonging

5. Slide 5 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Demography: The Study of Population █ Study of population engages natural and social scientists –Fertility: level of reproduction in a society –Demography: scientific study of population

6. Slide 6 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response █ Malthus: world’s population growing more rapidly than the available food supply –Advocated population control █ Marx: no special relationship between population and the supply of resources –Linked overpopulation to unequal distribution of resources Neo-Malthusian view stresses birth control and sensible use of resources

7. Slide 7 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Studying Population Today █ Census: enumeration, or counting of a population █ Vital statistics: records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces gathered through a registration system maintained by government

8. Slide 8 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Elements of Demography █ Birthrate: number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year █ Total fertility rate: average number of children born alive to any woman, assuming she conforms to current fertility rates █ Death rate: number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year

9. Slide 9 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Elements of Demography █ Infant mortality rate: number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year █ Life expectancy: median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions █ Growth rate: difference between birth and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants

10. Slide 10 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 20-1: Life Expectancy in Selected Countries Source: Haub 2010.

11. Slide 11 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Demographic Transition █ Demographic transition: changes in birthrates and death rates that occur during a nation’s development –Pretransition stage: high birthrates and death rates with little population growth –Transition stage: declining death rates – and high to medium fertility, resulting in significant population growth –Posttransition stage: low birthrates and death rates with little population growth

12. Slide 12 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 20-2: Demographic Transition

13. Slide 13 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Population Explosion █ There have been staggering increases in world population during the 20th century –Population pyramid: special type of bar chart that shows distribution of a population by gender and age –Population growth not a problem in all nations

14. Slide 14 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 20-1: Estimated Time for Each Successive Increase of 1 Billion People in World Population Sources: Bureau of the Census 2011b; Kunzig 2011:40.

15. Slide 15 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fertility Patterns in the United States █ U.S. and other industrial nations passed through two patterns of population growth in last 4 decades –High fertility and rapid growth –Declining fertility and little growth

16. Slide 16 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Baby Boom █ Most recent period of high fertility in U.S. often referred to as the baby boom –Annual number of births rose dramatically after World War II –Decrease in number of childless marriages and one-child families High wages and general prosperity during postwar period encouraged married couples to have children and purchase homes

17. Slide 17 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stable Population Growth █ Total fertility rate of U.S. remained low for three decades but nation continues to grow in size █ Zero population growth (ZPG): number of births plus immigrants equals the number of deaths plus emigrants Population projections between 2006 and 2050 indicate 28 countries, including 20 in Europe, show a decline in population

18. Slide 18 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 20-3: Population Structure of Afghanistan, Italy, and the U.S., 2012 Source: Projections updated as of December 2010. Bureau of the Census 2011b.

19. Slide 19 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology in the Global Community █ 20.1: Population Policy in China –Does any government have a right to sterilize people who do not voluntarily limit the size of their families? –What do you think has been the most dramatic consequence of the one-child policy?

20. Slide 20 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Population and Migration █ Migration: relatively permanent movement of people with purpose of changing their place of residence █ Migration results from –Economic –Racial and religious bigotry –Dislike for prevailing political regimes –Desire to reunite one’s family

21. Slide 21 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. International Migration █ Changes of residence across national boundaries significant force in redistributing the world’s population during certain periods –Legal immigrants to U.S. account for 50% to 60% of nation’s growth –In last decade, immigration an issue throughout much of Europe –Developing countries in Asia and Africa encountering difficulties

22. Slide 22 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Internal Migration █ Migratory movements within societies can vary in important ways –Generally, residents of a country are legally free to move from one locality to another

23. Slide 23 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Preindustrial Cities █ Preindustrial cities –Had a few thousand people living within the borders –Characterized by relatively closed class systems and limited social mobility –Ascribed status on such characteristics as family background –Provided education only to the elite

24. Slide 24 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Preindustrial Cities █ Early cities remained small –Reliance on animal power –Modest levels of surplus –Problems in transportation and storage of food –Hardships of migration to the city –Dangers of city life

25. Slide 25 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Industrial and Postindustrial Cities █ Industrial city: More populous and complex than predecessors █ Postindustrial city: Global finance and electronic flow of information dominate the economy █ Urbanism: relatively large and permanent settlement leads to distinctive patterns of behavior

26. Slide 26 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 20-2: Comparing Types of Cities Sources: Based on E. Phillips 1996:132–135; Sjoberg 1960:323–328.

27. Slide 27 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Urbanization █ Urbanization has become central aspect of life in the U.S. –In 1950, only NY and Tokyo had populations over 10 million –By 2010 there were 22 such areas; by 2025 there will be more than 30

28. Slide 28 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 20-4: Global Urbanization 2015 (Projected) Source: National Geographic 2005:104–105.

29. Slide 29 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Functionalist View: Urban Ecology █ Human ecology: interrelationships between people and their spatial settings and physical environments █ Urban ecology: focuses on relationships as they emerge in urban areas –Functionalist in orientation

30. Slide 30 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Functionalist View: Urban Ecology █ Concentric-zone theory: center, or nucleus, of city is most highly valued land and each succeeding zone surrounding the center contains other types of land which are valued differently –Creation of zones is social process –Fails to address issues of gender, race, and class

31. Slide 31 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Functionalist View: Urban Ecology █ Multiple-nuclei theory: all urban growth does not radiate out from a central district –Metropolitan area can have many centers of development –Rise of suburban shopping mass an example of multiple nuclei within metropolitan areas –Edge cities: communities on outskirts of major metropolitan areas that become economic and social centers with identities

32. Slide 32 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Conflict View: New Urban Sociology █ New urban sociology: considers interplay of local, national, and worldwide forces and their effects on local space –World systems analysis: certain industrialized nations hold dominant position at core of global economic system Rapidly growing cities in developing countries product of colonialism and global economy controlled by core nations and multinational corporations

33. Slide 33 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 20-5: Comparison of Ecological Theories of Urban Growth Source: Adapted from Harris and Ullmann 1945:13.

34. Slide 34 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 20-3: Sociological Perspectives on Urbanization

35. Slide 35 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Central Cities █ Urban Dwellers –Cities in U.S are destinations for immigrants from around the world █ Gans: 5 types of urban dwellers –Cosmopolites –Unmarried and childless people –Ethnic villagers –The deprived –The trapped

36. Slide 36 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Central Cities █ Issues Facing Cities –Crime –Pollution –Schools –Inadequate transportation

37. Slide 37 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Suburbs █ Suburb: any community near a large city █ Three social factors that differentiate suburbs from cities –Less dense –Private space –More exacting building codes

38. Slide 38 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Suburbs █ Suburban Expansion –Suburbanization most dramatic population trend in U.S. throughout the 20 th century Contributed to movement of mostly White middle class out of central cities █ Suburban diversity –In U.S., race and ethnicity remain important factors that distinguish cities from suburbs Past 30 years witnessed diversification of suburbs in terms of race and ethnicity

39. Slide 39 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Rural Areas █ Rural Communities –17% of U.S. population live in rural areas █ Rural Diversity –U.S. farms produce 38% of world’s soybeans –Rural areas ethnically and racially diverse

40. Slide 40 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Rural Areas █ Rural Challenges –Many rural areas facing problems first associated with central cities Overdevelopment Gang warfare Drug trafficking Poverty

41. Slide 41 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Rural Areas █ Rural Challenges –Postindustrial revolution unkind to rural areas Depopulation Economic stagnations Construction of large businesses hurt local merchants

42. Slide 42 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology in the Global Community █ 20.2: Squatter Settlements –Do you know of any “squatters” in your own community? –Given the number of homeless people in the U.S., why aren’t there more squatters?

43. Slide 43 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Seeking Shelter Worldwide █ Looking at the Issue –In U.S., recent economic downturn created former homeowners who can no longer pay mortgages who are now homeless –For many people worldwide, housing problem means finding shelter of any kind that they can afford, in a place where anyone would reasonably wish to live

44. Slide 44 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Seeking Shelter Worldwide █ Looking at the Issue –Homelessness in industrialized and developing countries On any given night, at least 650,000 homeless in U.S. In Third World countries, rapid population growth outpaced expansion of housing by a wide margin

45. Slide 45 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Seeking Shelter Worldwide █ Applying Sociology –Homelessness functions as a master status Individual is outside of society –Today’s homeless are comparatively younger –Homeless population growing faster than increase in emergency food and shelter –Gentrification: resettlement of low-income neighborhoods by prosperous families and businesses firm

46. Slide 46 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Seeking Shelter Worldwide █ Initiating Policy –Most policymakers direct homeless to large, overcrowded, unhealthy shelters –Last 20 years have seen growing trend toward anti-homeless policies and “criminalization” of homeless people 41% of Americans cite “hunger/ homelessness” as a concern –Homelessness part of national consciousness, but not an overriding concern

47. Slide 47 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 20-7: Homeless Estimates by State Source: Based on 2009 data reported by National Alliance to End Homelessness 2011: Table 1.1.