1. Ferns
Biology 11

3. KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Phylum Tracheophyta
Non-Vascular Plants
Terrestrial:
Bryophytes
Aquatic:
Algae
Seeds
No Seeds
Phyla:
Bryophyta
Hepatophyta
Antherocerophyta
Phyla:
Chlorophyta
Rhodophyta
Phaeophyta
Ferns
Sub Phylum:
Lycophyta (club & spike moss) Sphenophyta (equisitem) Pterophyta (ferns)

4. Sub Phylum Pterophyta (Ferns)

5. Ferns Still tied to the water Reproduction (for sperm to swim)
New Advances?
Sporophyte the dominant stage
Both the gametophyte and sporophyte are photosynthetic and can live independently.
Vascular system (xylem and phloem): can grow bigger
Roots, stems, and leaves

6. Basic Structure of a Fern
Leafy part of fern is called frond
Sorus: clusters of sporangia

7. Rhizome: modified stem
Roots: develop from the rhizome

8. Adaptations for Survival Without Water
Vascular Tissue
Tubes that carry water and nutrients around plant
2 types
Xylem: transport water from roots to rest of the plant
Phloem: transports sugar from fronds to rest of plant

9. 2. Tracheid Cells
Cells that make up xylem tissue (to be discussed in more detail later)
Provides structural support so leaves can be held up to sun for photosynthesis

10. Adaptations for Survival Without Water
3. Leaves with Waxy cuticle
Waterproof coating to help prevent water loss (evaporation from leaves)
4. True roots grow from rhizome
Take in water

12. Reproduction Alternation of generations
Dominant generation: sporophyte
Water still required for sexual reproduction

13. Haploid spore production takes place on the underside of the front
Spores are produced in sporangium
Clusters of sporangium make up sori (seen as spots on the bottom of a frond)

14. Spores released from sorus carried by wind or water
Germinate into haploid gametophytes
Green, heart shaped tiny structure called prothallium

15. Antheridia and archegonia found on underside of prothallium and produce sperm and egg
Sperm swim to egg in archegonia for fertilization to occur
Zygote develops into sporophyte